RNA polymerase

“However, the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase proved elusive until 1960, when it was independently identified in bacteria by Hurwitz and Stevens and in plants by the Bonner group” (p. 8325). There were also many experiments after these in which the scientists focused mostly on the mechanisms of the RNA polymerization (Kireeva, 2013). Kireeva also stated in her article that a group called the Chamberlin group focused on the pauses by E. coli RNA polymerase the group also focused on the…

Brains were sectioned at 16 µm in a cryostat, mounted on Super-Frost Plus slides with embedding medium and stored at -80℃. Signals of ISH were detected by digoxigenin (DIG) labeled single strand cRNA probes. The DIG-labeled cRNA probes were transcribed in vitro from cDNAs of rat GR (~0.4 kb) and rat SERT (~0.7 kb) in pGEM-3Zf vectors with T7 RNA polymerase and DIG RNA labeling mix (Roche, Branford, CT, USA). The amount of the transcript was estimated by comparison to DIG-labeled control RNA…

This paper is going to describe the replication of DNA and RNA and the processes of transcription and translation of protein synthesis. What is DNA? DNA is a nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in cells and some viruses, consisting of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine. DNA sequences are replicated by the cell prior to cell division and may include genes,…

RNA polymerase attaches itself to a template of DNA and then go into base pairing, synthesizes mRNA or messenger RNA. This is called transcription, as the DNA code being transcribed into mRNA code. RNA replaces Thymine for Uracil during base pairing. 4. mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm this goo like part of the cell where ribosomes can be found. 5. Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis, in other words they create proteins. 6. mRNA attaches one end to a ribosome, and through…

eukaryotes is that genetic information is formed in protein and is converted into organization, function and cellular structure. Eukaryotes also have a replication of machinery that is found in bacteria but are more complex and larger. The phase of replication has more factors for helicase and primase complexes, it then loads onto a sliding clamp unit where polymerase is there as…

talk.ictvonline.org Structure and genome The toscana virus (TOSV) is a negative-single stranded RNA virus, it is spherical in shape, it has an enveloped surrounding its capsid, and it has a diameter of 80–120 nm. Its genome is partitioned into three segments, termed (large)L, (medium)M and (small)S. With L about 6,400 nucleotides in length, M about 4,200 nucleotides in length, and S about 1,900 nucleotides in length. L encodes for the viral polymerase, M encodes for…

silencing event, one strand of the silencing RNA needs to be discarded? By RNAi process, the double stranded RNA can induce silencing based on base pairing principles. The binding between the siRNA and miRNA with the mRNA will inhibit the gene expression. By this kind of gene silencing, some gene couldn’t be translating or activating. Which can be used to gene therapy some disease, such as cancer. But just the siRNA which full complementary binding with mRNA will lead to the cleavage of mRNA.…

An operon is a cluster of genes in a bacteria that are clustered together and have related functions. Genes in an operon are coexpressed, which means that they are turned on or off under a single promoter. The genes of the arabinose operon are Ara A, Ara B, and Ara D (or the B. A. D. genes) which are all digestive enzymes that allow bacteria to break down arabinose. When Ara A, Ara B, and Ara D cluster together they form the arabinose operon. The gene that replaces the arabinose operon is the…

A. What is the purpose of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? List the four main components of a PCR. (2 points) The purpose of a PCR is to make large amounts of DNA segments from just a specific DNA sequence. This method is used to scientifically prove if a suspect of committing a crime is truly the person who committed the crime. The four main components of a PCR are: DNA from a sample, nucleotides A, T, G, C, DNA polymerase, and primers. B. What is gene expression? List the two steps of…

joint pain, liver inflammation, and decreased hearing capabilities among other difficulties. Those who survive can no longer transmit the disease. Negative sense, single stranded RNA (ssRNA) constitutes the virus’s genome. It is considered to be a negative sense because the RNA cannot be directly translated into functional proteins. It must first be transcribed into mRNA, which is complementary to the ssRNA, before it can be translated. The ssRNA is contained in virions that are cylindrical or…