Renin

Hypertension Yocasta Mercedes Xiaopeng Zhou MD MED 115-M03 Summer 2015 Hypertension Is a cardiovascular disease, in which the blood pressure is abnormally high. For a person be Hypertensive the blood pressure has to be higher than 140 over 90 mmHg, this means the systolic reading is over 140 mmHg or the diastolic reading is over 90 mmHg. The blood pressure, in mmHg:  Normal blood pressure is less than 120 systolic and when the diastolic is less than 80.  Prehypertension is…

and contractility by releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine; also causing vasoconstriction. The kidneys are highly sensitive to a drop in blood flow and are stimulated by vasoconstriction and a decreased level of carbon dioxide which activates the renin-angiotensin system to increases blood pressure and afterload. Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to start secreting aldosterone to retain sodium and water to increase blood volume (Hinkle and Cheever, 2015). All of these mechanisms…

The importance of tightly regulating plasma volume is to see how much water can a person excrete, and how the total amount of blood volume has a direct effect on plasma osmolarity. As a result, plasma volume has a direct effect on the blood pressure. Basically, when the blood contains low amount of water, it can result in decrease in plasma volume, and increases in serum osmolality which led to blood having increased viscosity (Evans 1. et al. 1506). Additionally, the plasma volume results in…

Introduction Heart failure (HF) is a growing epidemic today as people are living longer with the diagnosis. In 2013, it was estimated that over 550,000 new cases of HF arise annually in the United States.1 Globally, the prevalence of HF is over 23 million.1 The American Heart Association defines heart failure as a syndrome resulting from “any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill or eject blood.” 1 In essence, the heart fails to meet the…

American population is aging; today there are 38 million people 65 years of age or older, with the number projected to double by 2030 ( ). Epidemiological studies have shown that cholesterol levels, diabetes, hypertension, sedentary life and genetics as the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. However, advance aging unequivocally confers the major risks. Cardiovascular disease refers to a range of diseases that affect the heart and the blood vessels. Among the common ones are…

Q1: Pt is diagnosed with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) which normally occurs due to antheroscheloric plaque rupturing and distributing in the blood vessall. Substances that promote platelet aggregation and thrombus formation are then exposed in the blood streams which will eventually cause blockage of blood flow in the coronary artery . Patient’s medical history of hypertension is one of the most important risk factors of acute Myocardial infarction as the constantly high blood…

pulse, the patient may be experiencing cardiogenic shock. Here the poor contractibility of cardiac muscle causes stoke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) to decline (Elliott, Aitken & Chaboyer, 2015). Secondly the compensatory mechanism triggers renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) which rises catecholamine production. This action escalates antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release, which increases cardiac afterload by vasoconstriction (Wagner & Hardin-Pierce, 2014). This increases pressure on…

Coronary risk factors and risk of diabetic cardiovascular complications: Diabetes usually occurs among elderly as part of metabolic syndrome, which includes abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and all these factors can act to promote diabetic complications so aggressive treatment of diabetes and associated coronary risk factors is recommended to prevent diabetic complications (Fowler 2008) (Boyle 2007). The main cause of death in diabetic patients is cardiovascular complications…

Discussion The results of this experiment for the hypotonic treatment group did support the tested hypothesis that urine production rate should increase, while salt concentration and specific gravity of urine should decrease for this group. For the isotonic treatment group, the tested hypothesis was supported in that the specific gravity and salt concentration went up slightly, but was not supported in that the the urine production rate did not greatly increase over time. The findings for the…

1.What is it? Addison’s disease is a rare hormonal disorder and is a significant deficiency of the hormones that is created in the adrenal cortex. Hormones are chemical messengers that keep the body in balance by regulating functions like reproductions or our emotions. These hormones are produced in the adrenal glands, which is located at the top of each kidney. The adrenal glands has an outer part known as the cortex and an inner part known as the medulla. Adrenal glands produce epinephrine,…