Renal physiology

Animal well-being after hydrodynamic injections. In general, the mice tolerated very well the gene transfer procedure via hydrodynamic tail vein injection. All animals recovered from the hydrodynamic injections completely in 5 to 10 min without any signs of distress or problems. The blood creatinine levels did not raise from the pre-hydrodynamic injection baseline values, indicating that the putatively harsh gene transfer method was not harmful to the kidney function, or that one week was long enough to allow kidney function to fully recover from the hydrodynamic stress (Table 1). No statistically significant differences were detected in the creatinine levels of the hydrodynamically injected mice and the non-treated control mice at the analyzed time points. No statistically significant differences were found in the mean ALAT values of gene transfer receiving mice and the non-transfected control either. Generally, the plasma ALAT levels of the mice increased gradually throughout the study. However, as the weights of Western type (WT) diet consuming mice increased throughout the study (Suppl. Fig. 2), and as obesity is a known cause of hepatic steatosis and fatty liver disease, which causes elevation in ALAT levels 38, obesity is the likely explanation behind the continuous increase in the ALAT levels in this study. The presence of hepatic steatosis was confirmed in all groups in the histopathological analyses (see below). No loss of body weight occurred after the initial one…

This lab included various experiments that demonstrated how renal system responses and reacts when subjects consuming different types of fluids. Respective fluid volumes are based on each subject’s body mass. Based on each subject’s body mass, after converted from pounds to kilograms, every subjects has different volume and fluids for ingestion. For the control subject, she ingested no fluid throughout entire lab which represented the conditions of normal fluid. For the hypotonic subjects, she…

Why am I having this test? Creatinine clearance (CrCl) is a test that measures how well the kidneys are working. You may have this test as part of a routine blood test, or your health care provider may recommend this test if he or she thinks you may have a condition that affects your kidney function. Creatinine is a waste product of normal muscle activity (contraction). The kidneys filter (clear) creatinine from your blood and remove it from your body through urination. What is being tested?…

The urinary system functions to removes wastes from the blood and the kidney is known for filtration and absorbing water. The urinary system consists of a renal corpuscle (glomerulus and bowman’s capsule), a proximal tubule, a loop of Henle, and a distal tubule. The kidney filters about 180 liters and gets rid of about 1.5 liters as urine. Renal clearance is a measurement that analyzes the activity and efficiency of the kidney; it is the volume of plasma need for the kidney to complete remove a…

Once given there is no going back, the patient may have to deal with the side effects and/or the potentially detrimental effects on both the hepatic and renal systems. 5. Why should diazepam be avoided in the elderly? Diazepam should be avoided in the elderly population due to increased sensitivity to benzodiazepine and decreased metabolism of this long acting mediation. All benzodiazepines carry the risk of cognitive impairment, delirium, falls, fractures, and MVCs. Diazepam may be…

severe abdominal pain & nausea due to pancreatic inflammation with intra-abdominal ascites. One of the symptoms of ascites is infection which can cause kidney failure if not treated (ACG, 2013). Two different CT scan with contrast media performed can result to contrast-induced nephropathy due to preexisting decline in renal function. CIN can be defined as sudden, rapid deterioration of kidney function due to parenteral contrast administration. Contrast-induced kidney injury is diagnosed by an…

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) occurs when there is a sudden loss of renal function resulting in the bodies inability to maintain homeostasis. AKI is common in clients who are in the hospital, in intensive care units, and especially in older adults (“Acute Kidney Injury” (AKI), 2017). The following is an evolving case study regarding a client who presented to the emergency department after experiencing nausea, vomiting and diarrhea for the past week. This evolving case study will evaluate the…

comparing it to the current reading of 30ml/minute (National Kidney Foundation, 2015). As a result of these findings, the nurse begins to recognise patterns and generate a hypotheses (Gillies, 2013). Tracey’s elevated blood pressure reading is of concern, as a high blood pressure can be damaging to the blood vessels of the kidney, reducing their ability to function effectively (Kidney Health Australia, 2015). An increase in swelling around the ankles and legs are key indicators that the kidneys…

precipitating factors, treat underlying factors, ensure adequate nutritiion, and rovide reality orentation. 3. Assess the patient for cause of immobility, monitor and record the patients ability to tolerate activity increasing the amount of activity only when the patient can tolerate it, increase the clients independence of ADL’s, help the patient achieve mobility goals and consult with PT. 7. ( 2 point) What are the goals of conservative therapy for a patient with AKI? The goal of conservative…

Introduction During this clinical I had an 85-year-old male, who was admitted with a diagnosis of acute kidney injury. The patient was a very nice individual, which I enjoyed my time with him. He would make a couple of jokes here and there; he would make me laugh. The patient had been there for seven days and was now being discharged. When the nurse told him that he was being discharged he got very excited as he didn’t know that he was finally being discharged. Knowing that he was going to be…