Redox

Fermentation, the process that follows cellular respiration, uses a series of redox reactions to produce ATP without the presence of oxygen (anaerobic respiration). This process produces significantly less ATP than aerobic cellular respiration. There are two types of fermentation-lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. In this experiment, the main focus will be on alcoholic fermentation. Alcoholic fermentation results in the production of ethanol and carbon dioxide. The carbon…

Equation of trendline 1 calculation: m= rise/run = 12/15 = 0.8 c= 5.9 y= 0.8x + 5.9 Equation of trendline 2 calculation: m= rise/run = 25/45 = 0.5 c= 17.6 y= 0.5x +17.6 Point of intersection: Equate both trendlines to find point of intersection 0.8x + 5.9 = 0.5x + 17.6 x= 39 Since x=39, x2= 9 as x2 represents x in descending order. R2: R2 for trendline 1 = 0.98 Correlation coefficient for trendline 1= 0.96 R2 for trendline 2 = 0.98 Correlation coefficient for trendline 2= -0.99 Ratio…

releasing chlorine. As bleach is an oxidizing agent, it facilitates the surge of cellular activity of Hsp33, which are redox-regulated chaperone proteins of the bacterial cell. This chaperone protein prevents the bleach from oxidizing the bacteria, which protects the cell against protein unfolding. Due to it being a stress protein, at especially high concentrations of bleach, these redox reactions lead to an over-activation of the protein, ultimately causing overstress and death. Our…

As it was demonstrated in Figure 2, the peaks at 1703 and 1727 cm-1 in the MPS-comprising nanohybrids appeared, while the peak at 1745 cm-1 vanished. Through the formation of MPS-comprising nanohybrids, the observation of the new absorption bands (1707 and 1727 cm-1 ) concomitant of the absorption at 1733 cm-1 may be owing to the formation of ester groups through the reaction between carboxylic acid groups of PAA oligomers and silanol groups of silica moieties 12. Besides, in SiO2/PAA hybrids,…

There are two different ways that electron flows, cyclic and noncyclic (linear). Noncyclic Electron flow is important for processes such as the synthesis of ATP and NADPH, since it is the key to the energy transformation in these mechanisms (Campbell 195). Linear/Noncyclic electron flow occurs mainly during light reactions of photosynthesis by having the flow of electrons go through the photosystems and other molecular components that are built into the thylakoid membrane (Campbell 195). They…

means that they are a limited resource. This creates the need for renewable energy. Renewable energy comes from sources such harnessing power from the sun in solar panels, or using wind with wind turbines. Combustion is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant that produces…

Enzymes are biological molecules (proteins) that allow certain chemical reactions to take place much quicker than reactions would occur on their own. Enzymes function as catalyst, which means they speed up reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway of lower activation energy (cite). Each step of a pathway typically requires a specific enzyme, without the specific enzyme, the pathway can not be completed. In addition, enzymes do not undergo permanent reactions and remain unchanged by…

2.1. Na-ion Batteries (NIBs) Na-based batteries are not new. Back to the 1970s, Na-ion and Li-ion batteries were investigated in parallel.5,6 The investigation of Na-ion batteries significantly decreased after the success of commercial application of Li-ion batteries in the 1990s. Na-ion batteries have a very similar working principle as the Li-ion batteries. As shown in Figure 2.1, each electrochemical cell is basically composed of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a membrane…

Prior to the serendipitous discovery of the first cisplatin anti-cancer complex in 1965 by Dr Barnett Rosenburg after studying unusual bacterial growth patterns, men with testicular cancer had limited medical options available to them with most of cases being fatal [1]. Results have now shown that, with an early diagnosis, over a ten-year age-standardised period net survival rate has increased from 69% in 1972, to 98% in 2011, in England and Wales [2]. Despite this breakthrough, cisplatin is…

Discuss in detail what lactate is, the conditions in which lactate is produced (anaerobically and aerobically), and the benefits of its production. Include information about the Cori cycle and the role that lactate plays in maintaining the cytosolic redox capacity of the cell. Lactate is one of the compounds that regulate metabolism during anaerobic exercising. Although it can be produced through aerobic exercising it is mostly known for its role in anaerobic exercise. Lactate also stores/keeps…