Raï

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors lower blood pressure and produce vasodilation by inhibiting ACE – blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, key mediators of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS). RAAS is the main mechanism for controlling BP. Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor and works by binding to angiotensin I receptors on smooth muscle – these are joined to a Gq protein and the IP3 signal transduction pathway. ACE usually breaks down bradykinin.…

Adrenal incidentaloma (AI) refers to an otherwise unsuspected adrenal mass found in up to 5 % of patients undergoing radiological imaging. As high as one in five incidentalomas are functional; hypersecretion of cortisol causing Cushing’s or Subclinical Cushing’s Syndrome (SCS), catecholamines leading to pheochromocytoma, aldosterone resulting in primary aldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome), androgens leading to virilization of patients, and in very rare cases renin manifesting as secondary…

Discussion The results of this experiment for the hypotonic treatment group did support the tested hypothesis that urine production rate should increase, while salt concentration and specific gravity of urine should decrease for this group. For the isotonic treatment group, the tested hypothesis was supported in that the specific gravity and salt concentration went up slightly, but was not supported in that the the urine production rate did not greatly increase over time. The findings for the…

Liver failure, caused by things such as hepatitis and cirrhosis, leads to an array of symptoms including cardiorespiratory insufficiency (hepatopulmonary syndrome; HPS) and renal failure (hepatorenal syndrome; HRS). Disregarding the cause of liver failure itself, discuss the development of both of these symptoms. Hepatopulmonary Syndrome Figure 1: Blood Flow in Normal Conditions and Hepatopulmonary Syndrome (Grace & Angus, 2013). Figure 1 (above) shows the blood flow in a normal patient (top),…

What is Heart Failure? According to MayoClinic.Org,” Heart failure, sometimes referred to as congestive heart failure, occurs when your heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well as it should. Certain conditions, such as narrowed arteries in your heart (coronary artery disease) or high blood pressure, gradually leave your heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump efficiently.” Web. . January 12, 2016 There are contributing factors that can lead to heart failure such as coronary artery disease,…

Cro-Magnon Man Entry #1: Squat down on the ground, the sun beating down on me, I wipe a droplet of sweat out of my eye. The bare ground comforted me. My eyelids start to twitch, mouth watering with drool. Just closing my eyes for a minute and… “RAA!” a cry goes out in the distance. I jolt awake, heart beating fast, and squint to see the farthest I can in every direction my head can turn. But all my eyesight could hold was yellow from too much light. So somehow, I follow the sound. Running as…

Day 1 Summary: John is a 62-year-old male smoker who has presented with concerning a BMI and blood test results. Q1. John’s low density glycoprotein levels are higher than the target level (actual level 5.6, target 1.0). Long term decreased high density glycoprotein level leads to a build-up of cholesterol in the body. Additionally, John’s triglyceride levels are above the recommended target level (actual level 5.7, target level <4.0). This supports the other data gathered, suggesting that…

Another primary nursing problem related to his hypervolemia is impaired oxygenation. This problem is exacerbated by Giovanni’s increasing cardiac demand, which resulted in a decrease in his cardiac output. His chest x-ray validated his condition, revealing an enlarged cardiothoracic ratio. According to Mensah et al. (2015 p.159), cardiothoracic ratio is the marker for confirming changes in an individual’s cardiac size. The pathophysiology of Giovanni’s impaired oxygenation is interlaced with…

preload and afterload. These drugs increase vasodilatory effects causing reduction in blood pressure. Risk factors include diabetes, more than 70 years of age and co-administration with other agents that affect the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) such as ACE inhibitors and beta blockers (O’Donovan, 2014). Beta blocking agents is another example of anti-hypertensive drugs. The immediate effect is to reduce systolic blood pressure by 20 (mmHg) millimetre of mercury. Therefore, it is…

Pathophysiology In metabolic syndrome many organs are affected due to malnutrition, stress and inactivity. With all these factors playing a part the body has different ways of trying to protect it self, that in turn can cause more harm than good. Abdominal obesity, insulin resistant, hypertension, and chronic cortisol release are results of the factors which contribute to metabolic syndrome. Abdominal Obesity A high consumption of calorie dense food and lack of physical activity are…