Potential

If muscle membrane potentials vary as a function of ionic composition of the extracellular solution, changes in [K+]o should alter VM values. Moreover, EK, given by the Nernst equation, should accurately predict changing VM values. As extracellular potassium concentration is systematically increased, membrane voltage should be rendered more positive (less negative). Indeed, if [K+]i is 140 mM (according to Bernstein’s model), extracellular [K+] much smaller than 140 mM (e.g., 5.4 mM, 10 mM)…

I. Introduction Action potentials are generated as a result of a neuron’s membrane reaching a specific threshold. In order to reach this threshold, a cell must depolarize. Typically, cells depolarize with the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels. During the rising phase of the action potential, these channels allow positive sodium ions to flow into the cell in what is called the depolarization phase. The flow of these ions into the cell is often referred to as the sodium current. Once the…

help us see, hear, taste, and feel sensation. This is all do to a critical phenomenon known as action potential. Action potential is caused by a change in various ions, specifically sodium and potassium. When the neuron is in a resting state with -70mV, there is a great amount of potassium ions inside the cell, and a plethora of sodium ions outside the cell. For something to initiate an action potential, there must be a certain stimulus or impulse. This stimulus would cause voltage-gated sodium…

with vast potential toward a variety of applications. These toxins are produced by countless different species of animals: amphibians, insects, arachnids, and even birds, just to name a few. Neurotoxins, a specific class of toxins, act by impairing or artificially enhancing neurotransmission at the pre-synaptic or post-synaptic level (Camp & Gilbert, 2014, para. 1-5). Neurotoxins affect an animal’s central nervous system by disrupting the flow of action potentials. These action potentials are…

1. The resting membrane potential is the potential difference across the cell membrane of excitable cells such as nerve and muscle cells. The 3 major factors that establish a resting membrane potential are as follows: (1) Non-diffusible anions: The resting membrane potential is influenced by the presence of large non-diffusible anions (proteins, nucleic acids and organic phosphates) inside a cell. The presence of large non-diffusible anions inside a cell attracts a large number of cations and…

the body using electrical synapses. While neurons are made up off a cell body referred to as the soma, dendrites, and axon. Nerves consist of axons and sometimes nerve fibers, and each of those axons has the ability to produce an action potential. Action potential is a well-preserved message as a response to a specific stimulus that travels down the axon. Moreover, sodium/potassium pumps are located in the…

Abstract: Gravitation Potential Energy: Introduction and Theory: Gravitational potential energy is the potential energy an elevated object has due to the force of gravity. Potential energy is the stored energy an object has dependent upon its position. Near the surface of the Earth, the gravitational acceleration of an object is 9.8m/s^2. There is no uncertainty associated with this value since it has been measured countless times. The factors that affect the gravitational potential energy…

Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy Math Exploration 2/14/2018 Part 1: Finding Kinetic and Potential Energy Directions: For each situation, you need to determine if the object has KE or GPE or both. Then find their values. Be sure to include the correct units. 1. A 2-kg bowling ball sits on top of a building that is 40 meters tall. Circle one: KE / GPE / both Show your work for finding the values of each type of energy the object has: The ball is not moving and is at a height above…

When a ball drops, why doesn’t it ever come back to the original spot that it was dropped from? That is because the potential energy that it had was being transferred to heat and sound. Energy isn’t being conserved, its being transferred to potential, kinetic, heat, and sound energy. Energy is not completely being destroyed, its just being transferred. We can use Newton's 3 laws to prove this statement. Newton's first law is energy cannot be destroyed nor created, second law which is force =…

Frankenstein is a story of human potential and how it remains unaffected even if on the outside you look a bit odd. Frankenstein creates and creature and immediately runs away from it and it turns into a monster. On the inside, the creature is the same as everyone else, he does not start as a monster. Frankenstein could be construed as a bit of a monster for pouring all his effort into creating new life and then immediately abandoning it to the cruel world completely unprepared. When looked at…