Pope Callixtus III

money to the English. Joan was imprisoned for a while before she was put on trial for dressing like a man and using sword and charged for heresy. But she was put to death in a deal between the English and France to end the Hundred Years War. After she was killed she was praised highly. “Considered a heroine of France for fighting in the Lancastrain phase of The Hundred Years War” (Kekewich 3). The people of France today idolize her. She was very heroic and stood up for her faith when put on trial. Later on she was declared a saint. “Canonized as a Roman Catholic Saint Joan of Arc. In 1456 Pope Callixtus III examined her death trial and pronounced her a martyr” (Kekewich 4). Once Pope Callixtus III said she was innocent for the cries she was killed for she became known as one of the most looked up to saint. Joan of Arc was put through horrible punishment and shamed for many years until the pope canonized her and people looked up to her and (according to catholics) got to live in eternal peace with God.After many years of suffering and dishonoring Joan of Arc was glorified and still is today. Oprah Winfrey started from a low point in her life at a young age to going to very rich and very well known.From the very beginning Oprah Winfrey never had it easy. “Winfrey was born to Kosciuska, Mississippi to a single mother and grew up in poverty” (Feder 1). Oprah had gone through some horrible things at a young age. Some report say she claimed she was raped by her step-dad.…

Rodrigo Borgia more famously known as Pope Alexander VI. Pope Alexander IV has been written into history as one of the most scandalous popes of the Renaissance era. His legacy is tarnished with alleged murders, incestuous relationships, and nepotism. Many biographies have been written about Rodrigo chiming in on the scandal involved in his house. There’s even a television drama series in which depicts some of the things that may have transpired…

real presence. Hume says that “were the doctrine of the real presence ever so clearly revealed in scripture, it were directly contrary to the rules of just reasoning to give our assent to it.” (David Hume, “The Essay on Miracles,” Discovering, 95) Hume’s radical ideas on things that could not be proven by reason and the scientific method were in fact false and this set the Church in motion to take a stance. It was people like Hume, the ones that came before him and after him, that concerned…

responsibility of presenting the text to the Pope. The text described the motivation and mission behind Ignatius and his fellow followers order. Only after being reviewed by the Pope and the papal court could the order be approved and established within the Church. This proposal from Ignatius did not go unnoticed; in fact, it received negative feedback as it was reprimanded for its unique alterations to the current Church including getting rid of choir, and traditional…

were emphasized giving money to the church rather than focusing on emphasizing faith. Martin Luther wrote a complaint to Pope Leo about this abuse and challenged all of the preachers to a debate over the theology of indulgences. This dispute was a contest between the two strong willed men and it largely ignored the theological objections. Pope Leo regarded the letter as a challenge…

be caused by sudden urbanization of Europe and early influencers of higher education During the High Middle Ages a rise in economic activity would come from a revival of trade that would occur from the rebuilding of old cities and creation of new cities that would be major urban centers throughout Europe. The rise in bigger cities led to people moving from a poor rural life to live a more “prosperous” life in the crowded Urban Centers of Europe (1) Urbanization of Europe…

Was Catholicism responsible for the Dark Ages? In history class we have read about the great ancient empires that came before us, such as the Greeks, the Romans, and the Egyptians. During our studies we also learned about , the time in between the 6th and 14th century this period has come to be known as the “Dark Ages”. Many historians believe that the term Dark Ages might not be very accurate and that the reasons behind the origins of the Dark Ages, aren’t well understood. Most were taught…

Without this type of experienced and knowledgeable administrative role found under the guidance of the Pope, it is evident that these smaller kingdoms would continue to be fractious and quarreling tribal monarchies, as they were before the 6th century. In this manner, the rise of the papacy brought Roman administrative skills to govern these small kingdoms as they began to develop into more unified and developed monarchies into the 7th, 8th, and 9th…

Reformation and Counter Reformation Views of the Church Martin Luther, though he was vital in bringing reform to the many travesties of the Church, created a divided within the Catholic Church based on a radical understanding and interpretation of what “church” was. Luther believed that the Catholic Church was the “historical church” which has existed in time but not necessarily always with God. It was filled with corrupt clergy, especially the pope, who were godless men, whose positions were…

Whilst there may be some truth in the distinction: Protestants destroy property and Catholics kill, it is a gross over-simplification of the religious violence associated with the Early Modern era to characterise it in such a binary manner. At best, it is a sweeping generalisation based upon the assumption that Protestant property destruction is driven by their anti-iconic beliefs, who felt that they had a legitimate objection to the wrongful use of material objects during worship: something…