Philosophy of science

A behavioural approach assumes that behaviour should be viewed as a science based on prediction, control and observation of external events should be used as measurement. During the 1920s John Watson’s methodological views on behaviour departed from the philosophical perspective of consciousness and introspection (Owen, 2002). He held that its “goal is the prediction and control of behaviour” (Watson, 1913, 158). Watson began to develop a conditioned reflex which involved “the attachment and…

If you are a farmer growing anything you may want to be closer to either the equator or one of the Tropics (Cancer and Capricorn). A professor of Philosophy at Marist College in New York says “Known as the Cradle of Civilization, the Fertile Crescent is regarded as the birthplace of agriculture, urbanization, writing, trade, science history and organized religion and was first populated in 10,000 BCE when agriculture and the domestication of animals began in the region” (2009, pg 1). If…

Davy’s Journey Towards Electromagnetism During the early 1800s, scientists made observations that were tested repeatedly and then were seen as fact. Until 1820, electricity and magnetism were believed to be separate branches on the tree of science. Once others believed that idea it became cemented in to the scientific community. However, Humphry Davy was a chemist whose determination and experimentation overturned that idea. Despite obstacles, Oersted’s and Davy‘s experiments changed his peers’…

(1781/1787) sparked a new movement among many European philosophers, known as the age of German Idealism. Names such as Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel are all in the realm of German Idealism, each bringing their own ideas to complete the system of philosophy itself, and specifically destroy, defend, or further develop the concept of human rationalism. There is an agglomeration of world-renowned philosophers in the era of German Idealism, but this essay will focus on only two, Johann Gottlieb…

takes a while to fully understand one’s self and the strengths or weaknesses within (“Thales”). Thales is an ancient Greek philosopher born in the city of Miletus (“Thales of Miletus” Science). Although, he was a Milesian, his parents, Examyes and Cleobuline, were Phoenicians themselves (“Thales of Miletus” Science). Very little was known about Thales, such as his exact birth and death dates, due to the lack of written records about him; It is estimated that he was born in 600 B.C.E and died…

the dominant sciences, a key strength to the relativist argument is its ability to consider subjugated knowledges. According to the standard view of knowledge, different ways of knowing are part of a continuous and unitary epistemological tradition. However, instead of being equally considered knowledge is hierarchically structured so that one type of knowledge system becomes dominant leading to what Kuzmic (2014) calls ‘epistemological hegemony’ (p. 79). For a long time Western sciences were…

The author introduces a preface about issues and controversies in relation to science and religion, some aspects and characteristics about them, and also, he shows the goals for this chapter. Through his introduction, he manifests that the relation between religion and science are two great cultural forces that build and organize every aspect of human life. In addition, he affirms that this chapter will help us to think systematically, and intelligently about the relationship between these two…

spheres capable of moving the stars around the Earth, however the Copernican hypothesis reasoned that the Earth’s rotation was the result of their apparent movement. Furthermore through justifying his theory’s with mathematics and not the traditional philosophy, Copernicus defied the customary hierarchy castigations. The theory also destroyed the concepts of Aristotelian physics. Through classifying the Earth as another planet, Copernicus theory suggested that the earthy sphere was different…

Western philosophy began in the 6th century BCE in ancient Greece. These first philosophers that we know of are called “Pre-Socratics”, meaning they came before Socrates. Socrates’ philosophical prowess, however, brought forth a time that freedom of self-consciousness was first challenged. In my opinion, Socrates was the first philosopher to distinguish the value of philosophy even though they were just mere thoughts of men. In Bertrand Russell’s “The Value of Philosophy”, he addresses the very…

this essay will address is about Descartes’ philosophical method. Descartes not only was a philosopher, but also he was a great mathematician. Therefore, he strongly believed that as in mathematics there is a method and rules to gain mathematical science, there should be a specific method and some rules to identify philosophical data as well.…