Particle

In programming language is used to describe the PSO terms from the particles in a swarm. These significant terms are: 1. Particle (agent, individual): each agent in the swarm; 2. Swarm: the population of the agents; 3. Location/Position: agent has n-dimensional coordinates. It represents a best solution for the problem; 4. Generation: each iteration of optimization procedure using the Particle Swarm Optimization to solve problem; 5. Fitness Function: It provides the interface between the…

everything around us are made out of atoms. Atoms are so small that it can’t be found under the finest microscopes. A tiny spec of dust contains millions of billions of atoms! Even though atoms are tiny, but it actually consist of three different particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. In every atom, electrons move around the nucleus, the combination of protons and neutrons. The idea of an atom was first discovered by the ancient Greeks, they used the word “atomos” to describe…

rays beta particles alpha particles What are the different penetrative abilities of each radiation type on metals 3.what are some common uses for each type of radiation in the current world 4.what is ionisation? And what is the difference between direct ionisation and indirect ionisation 5.what are half lives and why is it bad to ineffectively dispose of nuclear products ?4.why…

Quasiclassical Elienberger equations [129] for the green functions g(k , r, and order parameter , is a powerful tool to deal with inhomogeneous superconductors [130]. These functions depend on the so called, ‘Matsubara frequency’, , coordinate r, and wave vector k on the fermi surface. The dependence of green functions and order parameters on the wave vector k, makes them sensitive to the shape of fermi surface. This makes solution of Elienberger equations complicated in the system of complex…

When the state equation of a model is an autoregressive process with unknown constant coefficients, EnKF can be easily modified to include Monte Carlo estimation of the constant coefficients. We recall that the standard particle filtering method suffers from weight degeneracy especially when the estimation includes static parameters. EnKF, however, does not suffer from degeneracy and provides a good estimate of the coefficients by integrating a sample minimum mean square estimate (MMSE) of the…

as observable through studying the distribution of gravity within galaxies (Carnegie). Original attempts at studying dark matter referred to dark matter as baryonic, which is a word used to describe baryons, or quark based particles. Quarks make up “normal” subatomic particles, and so when referring to dark matter as baryonic, physicists were assuming that dark matter was made up of protons, electrons, and neutrons, just like all types of known matter, yet that would infer that we would be able…

As this topic is so broad, it would be impossible to investigate all the benefits and drawbacks that spirit science has offered on our world, so instead this paper will focus on a few: Knowledge and Social/Political Change. Spirit Science’s the idea that our are all connected. The idea that through love, anything is possible, we are the creator, people in general and through our awareness of the world around us, we can create a massive change in the way that we do things. Spirit Science shows…

Fig: Schematic representation of LHC and it's detectors The primary objective of LHC is to answer the following questions: 1. Why some particles are heavier than others? If the Higgs mechanism is valid? 2. If the super-symmetry theory is valid? If yes then if super-symmetric particles exist? 3. If the concept of dark matter and dark energy correct? 4. Why our universe is made up of matter only? 5. What was the state of matter in the early universe? 6. What will be the properties…

were able to observe that when the cosmic rays collided with atoms in our atmosphere, the nucleus of the atom was prised open by the energy created. This then revealed many short-lived particles within the nucleus. However, these could only be seen in tracks left behind in sensitive detectors. There were many particles found such as muon, which behaves like and electron and is 210 times heavier. There is also the pion which is a little smaller than the muon as well as the kaon, which is just…

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a particle accelerator made of superconducting magnets, built on September 10th, 2008. It can be found between the border of France and Switzerland, near Geneva, 100 meters underground. The Large Hadron Collider is a machine that was built with the ability to accelerate subatomic particles to very high speeds, which requires chilling the magnets to ‑271.3°C. This is done through the use of electric or electromagnetic fields, two hadrons are sent through the…