P53

Explain how changes in the following three types of genes can cause cancer ○ Explain the role of Tumor Suppressor Genes when functioning normally. The tumor suppressor gene controls Ras genes and P53, it slows cell division ○ What are the mutations that can occur in those genes? Missense, Nonsense, Deletion, Insertion, Substitution, Inversion, Duplication ■ How do those mutations cause cancer? Chromosome rearrangements: Changes in chromosomes…

Papillomaviruses are thought to have two methods of replication: • Stable replication of the episomal genome in basal cells • Runaway, or vegetative, replication in more differentiated cells to generate progeny virus. “Viral multiplication is confined to the nucleus. Consequently, infected cells exhibit a high degree of nuclear atopia. Koilocytosis (from Greek koilos “empty”) describes a combination of perinuclear clearing (halo) with a pyknotic or shrunken (raisinoid) nucleus and is a…

This retrospective histological and immunohistochemical study was designed to evaluate the pathogenesis of pancreatic toxicity induced by patulin exposure and the role of goji extract to eliminate its toxicity. It has been reported that the relationship of the endocrine–exocrine parts of the pancreas is a complex one because of the close anatomical and functional links. The impairment of the endocrine part of the pancreas has a marked effect upon its exocrine component. It was stated that islet…

PDAC biomarker identification and validation. Biomarkers in ex vivo expanded CTCs will be recognized by stringent statistical analysis and subjected to further characterization in three studies. First, we will confirm the association of biomarkers with CTCs and CTC-PDX models. Second, the biomarkers will be validated for correlation with clinical PDAC metastasis and therapeutic resistance. Finally, we will retrospectively test the application of selected biomarkers in PDAC diagnosis, treatment…

life and why humans are here. This deep thought is shown in the excerpt: “ To be, or not to be, that is the question:/ Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer/ The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,/ Or to take arms against a sea of troubles” (p53). Hamlet is questioning what life is worth and if it is even valuable to be on this earth. Hamlet is smart and very intellectual with his thoughts. This contrast of Fortinbras and Hamlet proves how shakespeare wanted to show the worth of both…

Gene Therapy & Cancer Cells Gene therapy is often defined as a treatment that uses genes to cure or prevent diseases. Genes, DNA, and protein are all involved with each other, therefore, in many immune diseases, if one fails your whole immune system could eventually fail. This treatment is relatively new; hence it is still a pretty risky experimentation since it involves getting genes into cancer cells. Gene Therapy is often involved in serious cancer cell treatments; its main purpose is to try…

CRISPR-Cas9 system: new perspectives to cancer treatment Genetic interactions screens are used to detect genetic interactions and, as a result, to provide information into the functions of each gene and their associations with other components in the cell [2]. A genetic interaction is defined as when two genes interact and generate a phenotype that was not expected in light of each of the gene’s effect [1]. In mammalian cells, most of the genetic interaction assays use RNA interference (RNAi)…

The perception of what is defined as wrong varies as much as the definition of what is defined as evil. Philosophers have argued that evil is a distinct category from wrong while others have opposed this idea, stating that evil is an extreme wrong. Thus, in terms of an act being both wrong and evil come to the terms that evil is or can be an extreme wrong. I will begin by arguing that evil is not in a different category of wrong, but it is a degree of wrong. Two given factors have been claimed…

These malignant cells develop due to damaged DNA or through genetic mutations in which some individuals inherit genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2, and P53 (Tang, Rangayyan, Xu, El Naqa, & Yang, 2009). Hence, an individual is at risk when a close relative has had breast cancer in the past. The presence of Estrogen and progesterone receptors in the infected breast encourages cell division and DNA’s replication;…

Many women in this world end up getting breast cancer. Some people think that it’s impossible for men to get breast cancer but, that is untrue. Even men can get this disease. Seven percent of women normally get diagnosed with breast cancer around the age of 40 or younger, about twelve percent of women are actually diagnosed with the cancer which is about one in eight women. Many researches are being done to try and help prevent breast cancer or get rid of it, many organizations are helping…