Organic reaction

Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. It speeds up the reaction by lowering the activation energy required. An enzyme is a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. Enzymes carry out the thousands of chemical reactions that occur on cells, or the basic units of structure and function of an organism. Usually, they are polymers of thousands…

1. Iodide proved to be the more reactive nucleophile in this reaction. This nucleophile was faster than Chloride, because on the periodic table, Iodine has a bigger atomic size, while Chlorine has the higher electronegativity, but size trumps electronegativity, as according to ARIO rules. This means that Iodine is more acidic than Chlorine, which means that in the reaction, the Iodide could displace the Bromine from the 1-bromooctane, because it has a bigger size, much faster than the Chloride,…

As an inhabitant of the Earth, it is only natural to wonder what kind of effect we are having on our planet. Generally regarded as destructive and wasteful, our “footprint” as it is commonly referred to, points our world in the direction of exponential degeneration. The matter is not if, but when, we will exhaust our resources, and what can be done to reverse, or at least slow down the descent to our own demise. Things can be done on both the large and small scale to achieve such an end. Recent…

Results and Discussion A. Diffusion of selected plant pigments In conducting the diffusion of 4 different kinds of treatments (distilled water, distilled water placed in boiling bath, vegetable oil, heated vegetable oil), the researchers made use of the atsuete and sugar beets. The different kinds of treatments determined how the temperature will affect the color intensity of the atsuete and sugar beets. There were 4 test tubes used in each atsuete and sugar beets with each having a…

words “poly” which means many and “mer” which means parts. Polymers are substances which have large number of repeating structural units repeated in the same type of linkage. The chemistry that deals about polymers is called polymer chemistry and the reaction is called as polymerization. Polymer chemistry have a wide range of application in day to day life and the research and recent advanced in this field are both industrially and academically notable and increasing day by day . In this review…

Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of a reaction by reducing the activation energy required for a reaction. Many enzymes are proteins but not all are; enzymes possess high levels of substrate specificity which they bind to through their active sites. Enzymes display optimal activity at a certain pH level and temperature. Temperature and pH level have drastic effects on enzyme activity; the enzyme will denature if the pH or temperature has changed from its optimal level.…

demonstrates how the results of two reactions can create a colored flame with the sugar in the gummy bear. When potassium chlorate is heated to its molten state, it goes through a thermal decomposition reaction that causes it to dissociate into potassium chloride and excess oxygen. The gummy bear is mostly made up of sugar and causes a combustion reaction when mixed with the excess oxygen. Carbon dioxide and gaseous water are released as a result of the reaction. The purple flames that arise are…

1-[Cyano(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]cycloalkanol (VF-I) synthesized through the reaction of p-methoxyphenylacetonitrile and cyclohexanone using aq. NaOH and tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate as PTC. NaBH4 and CoCl2 in 2:1 THF: H2O used for the reduction of VF-I to obtain 1-(2-amino-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)cyclohexanol (VF-II). Further, venlafaxine derivative of the amino acid -carboxamide (VFCA-I toVII ) synthesized through coupling of N-Phthaloyl amino acid chloride derivative (2a-2g-…

Carbonyl compounds undergo various types of reaction. In these reaction the carbonyl carbon or carbonyl oxygen is prone to attack generally by a nucleophile. Different types of carbonyl compounds undergo different types of reactions and the mechanisms of them are also different. The products or by-products or intermediate products of these reactions are very much useful in laboratory synthesis, industry etc. here we will discuss some very much important reactions which are very important for…

Biodiesel production is usually expressed through the process of trans-esterification reaction. Recently, homogeneous catalysts are broadly preferred for biodiesel production in eminent scale operation. Still, they are toxic, highly flammable and corrosive in nature [1]. Boey et al. analysed the purpose of the waste cockle shell from palm olein oil in biodiesel production of Anadara granosa. At 900 °C the waste shell was calcined for 2 h that mainly compiled of 71% of Ca to develop an active…