Nucleophilic substitution

I want to be a part of the NSF-REU program because I know I would make a great contribution. In an informal research project for my biology lab course, I led a team of four in a time-crunched, self-created lab. I took up the role of leadership, assigned tasks, organized meetings and worked outside of class hours to complete the testing. Taking charge wasn’t always easy for me but, at the College of Saint Benedict, there is a NSF S-STEM scholarship program called FoCuS. The program provides…

CRISPR stand for: Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat. The CRISPR is repeat spacer array contain a series of short direct repeats interspaced with short sequence which had been detected in the genome of many bacteria and archaea. The CRISPR method is based on the natural defense system used by bacteria to protect themselves from invading viruses. When the DNA of virus detected by bacterium, the CRISPR RNA as a guide RNA which contain a sequence, match to the invading virus…

amine converted into a diazonium salt. As diazonium ion is a weak electrophile, it reacts with electron-rich, aromatic coupling agents to produce an azo dye. The products are mainly ortho and para due to the reaction being an electrophilic aromatic substitution Reaction: p-nitroaniline p-nitro benzenediazonium chloride Para-red Procedure: Production of para-Nitrobenzenediazonium chloride: Prepare 7% NaNO2 by dissolving 7 g of NaNO2 in 100 mL water and in…

Protein aggregation is the process whereby proteins are misfolded. It is a phenomena that has been widely discussed in the scientific community over the recent years as it can lead to detrimental effects on our health such as neurodegenerative diseases. In this essay, I will be discussing the structure of a protein, its role in the human body as well as protein aggregation and the negative consequences it has on our health. Proteins are large molecules, also known as polypeptide chains which are…

functional B3LYP with the base 6-311 ++ G (d, p). To distinguish the molecular electrostatic potential surface (MESP), we used the principle of HSAB (Hard Soft Acid and Base), in order to have the centers of activity of a molecule and the effects of substitution on the systems of pyrazolooxazine. These have anti-inflammatory activities. In our work, we have applied methods of multi-parameter optimization (MPO) to molecules of pyrazolooxazine derivatives. In addition, we studied their properties…

substituted benzaldehydes in the presence of 20% aqueous NaOH solution in ethanol to get the final targeted products (7a-g and 8a-g). It may be noted that, the intermediate compound 1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)piperidin-4-one (5) was synthesized via nucleophilic substitution reaction between 4-piperidone hydrochloride monohydrate and propargyl bromide in the presence of anhydrous K2CO3 in the biphasic system [CHCl3:H2O (1:1)] at room temperature in good…

Experiment 1: Alkanes & alkenes: Combustion and action of sulphuric acid. Objective: To make careful observations and compare the difference(s) between alkanes and alkenes. Introduction: Hydrocarbons are composed exclusively of oxygen and hydrogen. There are three types of homogeneous hydrocarbons (whose members differ by one CH2 unit): alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. The difference between these three groups is in the bond types between the carbons. Alkanes form only single bonds, alkenes…

In the Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of norbornene, water and sulfuric acid were added to the C=C double bond to form norborneol. Sulfuric acid acted as a catalyst, where it was not consumed in the reaction and helped to propel the reaction forward, as it was vital in forming hydronium ion and breaking the double bond. Both the products endo-norborneol and exo-norborneol were synthesized; however regioselectivity and stereoselectivity played a role as to which product was more preferred and whether…

modification must have sites that are able to undergo electrophilic or nucleophilic attack. Such polymer structures include benzene rings, hydroxyl groups, double bonds or halogens.127 The polymer surfaces can be functionalised via nitration,135 amination,135 bromination,136 sulfonation,122,137,138 benzoylation,139 and carboxylation.138 The modification of polyphenylene oxide (PPO) as an example is discussed. The substitution of PPO by either nitro or amino group resulted in increased chain…

The experiment made use of two reactions in synthesizing 1-phenylazo-2-naphtol, also known as Sudan-1. The first is the diazotization reaction in which a diazonium salt is formed from the conversion of primary aromatic amines, such as aniline, to compounds with the nitroso functional group using a nitrous acid, such as HNO2. The diazonium salt was then used as an electrophile in a coupling reaction with an aromatic compound, β-naphthol. Recrystallization was conducted and yielded 0.18 g of a…