Nociception

The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines human pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage (Loeser, 2008). It is a complex sensory experience that can even be modifiable without the use of a physical harm. While in contrast, there isn’t an animal-based definition of animal pain. A commonly used definition for animals is ‘ an aversive sensory experience caused by actual…

Pain that persists after the surgical wound has healed could be the result of somatic nociception, the consequence of ongoing inflammation (e.g. infection, haematoma), a manifestation of neuropathic pain from surgical injury to peripheral nerves (e.g. complex regional pain syndromes, neuralgias)3 , or from visceral nociception. chronic post surgical pain has been defined as “pathological pain that persists for longer than two months post surgery”. Recently, a mechanism of neuronal plasticity in…

Nociception After the initial insult, peripheral nociceptors are activated by transduction through thin myelinated Aδ and unmyelinated C-fibers to the dorsal root group and into the posterior horn of the spinal cord. The axon bifurcates into two branches with one branch continuing to the CNS, the other innervating peripheral tissues. Action potentials are generated and the nociceptive signals initiate excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate and substance P, neuromodulators including…

The first process is when nerves in the skin sense something harmful and communicate that information to the spinal cord. There the motor neurons activate movements that cause us to react; this is the physical recognition of harm known as nociception. Nearly all animals even those with simple nervous systems experience it because without it animals would be unable to avoid harm and their survival becomes threatened . The second process is called conscious recognition. In humans, this will occur…

At the spinal level, the PNS and CNS are bilaterally symmetrical. And studies have shown that the two sides of the spinal cord are not independent due to the findings that unilateral peripheral nociception results in contralateral responses (Koltzeburg, 1999). The contralateral pain was perceived at a lesser magnitude and has a delayed response. This contralateral pain phenomenon can be attributed to a similar pathway as central sensitization leading to secondary hyperalgesia. Primary…

2.3. Pharmacokinetics of (S)-ketoprofen 2.3.1. Blood sampling On the day of the study, rats were cannulated approximately 30 min before uric acid injection and 3 h before the drugs were administered. The animals were anesthetized and the caudal artery was cannulated with a PE-10 cannula (Clay Adams, Parsippany, NJ, USA) connected to a PE-50 cannula. The cannula was kept patent with heparinized saline solution and stopped with a needle. Rats were allowed to recover from anesthesia and…

Knee arthroscopy is a minimally invasive day case procedure which may be done for diagnosis, meniscectomy or debride-ment. Arthroscopic surgery is associated with a variable degree of postoperative pain, which is caused by an irritation of free nerve endings of the synovial tissue, anterior fat pad, and joint capsule due to surgical excision and resection [1]. Postoperative pain control is very important for early rehabil-itation and short hospital stay. Several postoperative analgesic…

A major symptom of heart disease is exercise intolerance, which is thought to be caused by overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) via limb edema stimulating group III/IV afferent feedback mechanisms (Figure 1) (7, 8 & 9). Accurately replicating the afferent feedback during exercise is difficult in both healthy and diseased subjects, due to an inability to directly measure afferents in human subjects. Thus most information about the response of afferents comes from post-exercise…

Ever wonder why there are some cases in medical science where people can’t feel pain? It’s due to a hereditary disorder called congenital analgesia, sometimes known as CIPA, or, congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. CIPA and congenital analgesia cause the person affected to not feel any pain due to genetics and mutated genes. Congenital is an incredibly complicated and rare genetic disorder. Classified as an autosomal recessive disease (Baum and O’Flaherty 83), both the mother and…

A B S T R A C T Ethnopharmacological relevance: Inula britannica L. (IBL) is a predominant medicinal plant traditionally utilized in the treatments of arthritis and back pain in Iranian folk medicine. Aim of the study: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the analgesic effects of Inula britannica L. flower essential oil (IBLEO) and one of its major constituents, Patuletin (Pn), in male mice. Materials and Methods: In this study, we used pain assessment tests including acetic…