Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

baseline value. Following the addition of atropine, a significant increase in heart rate from 33.7 + 0.577 beats/min (N=3) to 37.7 + 0.577 beats/min (N=3) was observed. No significant difference in heart rate was observed after the addition of acetylcholine relative to the baseline value. The maximum heart rate of 37.7 + 0.577 beats/min (N=3) was both observed after the addition of ephinephrine and…

Beneficial effects of the beta adrenergic antagonists in the treatment of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is not uncommon for the patients to present with two or more disease states at the same time. Thus, the management of such concomitant disease states may be pharmacologically challenging as it is, for example, in the treatment of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and hypertension (HTN) with a compelling indication of the post-myocardial infarction (post-MI).…

The physiological processes of a mammal are in a unique balance where any deviation from the normal can result in a pathological condition. For example, mammals require a continuous intake of nutrients to ensure that every vital process can be maintained. If these processes are not maintained; the organism will begin to absorb its own nutrients, thereby reducing the availability of resources within the organism (Odette, 2005). An organism that is absorbing its own nutrients will be unable to…

side effects, cannabinoids are shown to have a significant neuro-modulatory function in decreasing CINV.1 CB1 cannabinoid receptors are present in the central nervous system, while recent evidence proposes that CB2 receptors are present on brainstem neurons. Both CB1 and CB2 receptors may have a role in mediating the cannabinoid effects on vomiting. Whether through a CB1 receptor agonist or with CB2 binding, cannabinoids directly and indirectly affect serotonin,…

Analysis of Adenosine receptor blockage’s effects on the electrophysiology of HCTP/OR producing neurons of the Hypothalamus – receptor blockage mediated by Caffeine Introduction In this experiment, the quantification of firing rate changes on a specific neural sub-group will be analyzed via whole cell patch-clamping and the application of the common psychoactive drug-caffeine. The significance of quantifying the electrical signaling of the chosen neuron is to proportionally quantify the…

Disorders of sexual development (DSD) have been a topic of great interest as of late. Intersex, at its most basic definition, is when one does not ‘fit’ into the binary gender structure most commonly subscribed to in Western civilization; or, rather, having a variation of sexual characteristics or a combination other than the more common female to XX and male to XY. Research shows that 1.7% of the population has a DSD, considering the current population of the U.S., that would be approximately…

or specialized proteins that protect the immune system, which were most likely produced as part of the body’s response to the patients’ teratomas (Dalmau 63). Basically, teratomas contain various cell types that, when they cross-react with NMDA receptors, which can affect memory and learning in the brain, basically make one’s system vulnerable to a breakdown of the immune system. This creates a confusion in the body that produces autoantibodies which…

moderate to severe pain usually associated with postoperative pain or neoplastic disease. (Tiziani, 2010) Morphine produces pharmacological actions such as pain relief, by acting on receptors located on neural cell membranes. (News Medical, 2015) Morphine simulates the actions of endorphins and enkephalins at opioid receptors, (Bryant & Knights, 2011) The capabilities of morphine span further than just the treatment of pain, it can be used to supress an unproductive…

Causes The causes of Parkinson’s Disease remain unknown, however there have been several theories as to what could cause the debilitating disease. Factors such as age, and genetic predisposition play a major role in the development of the disease. The disease is most common in those over sixty, however, it could take over twenty years for symptoms to develop. Age is the most common factor in the development of the disease, however if the disease is detected early, then it is most likely due to…

Classified as a complex brain disease, SUD is treatable, according to the USA National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) principles of treatment [NIDA, 2008]. Given the aforementioned multiple factors, contributing to the development of SUD, its complex presentation, and associated disease burden; treatment of SUD is rated as significantly challenging. Delivering effective SUD treatment and care requires a comprehensive response, illustrated as core services and interventions delivered, within a…