Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

Case Study: Hereditary Canine Spinal Muscular Atrophy Genetic Background Hereditary canine spinal muscular atrophy (HCSMA) is proven to be an autosomal-dominate disease that affects most noticeably the Brittany spaniel (Pinter MJ, Waldeck RF, Wallace N, & Cork LC, Motor Unit Behavior in Canine Motor Neuron Disease, 1995). HCSMA originated as a spontaneous mutation in the Survivor Motor Neutron gene found in the purebred Brittany spaniel population (Ericsson. A & Rubin. C, 2012). Due to the…

Tone is a normal state of balance in bodily tissue such as muscle and skin. In resting muscles, it is a state of partial contraction of a muscle to a pre-set length that serves to maintain posture, organ function, such as digestion, and reflexes. Generally speaking, a nerve from the spinal cord, spinal nerve, will grow from the spine to a muscle, it splits to form motor neurons, then contacts the muscle fiber at a point called the neuromuscular junction. This formation, in conjunction with…

Muscles work in pairs. one muscle contracts and pulls on the bones to which they are attached, in other word, Tendons which are fibrous connective tissue, muscle are attached to bones by tendons. The muscles contract to allow movement, while the skeletal gives the muscles support. The muscles and bones move together, basically with the muscles contracting the bones. The bone can not move back to its original state until another muscle pulls on it. Muscles work together to produce movement by…

potentials are generated and the nociceptive signals initiate excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate and substance P, neuromodulators including brain-derived neurotrophic factor. These bind with afferent nerves which activate corresponding receptors on the postsynaptic nerve terminals (Fishman et al., p. 29). Superficial lamina (laminae I and II) and deep laminae (lamina V and VI) receive primary afferent fibers in the dorsal horn. Projections from laminae I and V continue ventrally…

INTRODUCTION: An individual’s level of strength is not only dependent upon on the muscles involved in an action but also the nervous systems ability to activate the appropriate muscles at any one time. It is well known that resistance training can lead to an increase in maximal contractile muscle force (Aagaard et al., 2002) however; this adaptation is not primarily explained by an increase in muscle volume or muscle cross-sectional area but adaptive changes within the nervous system.…

parasympathetic noncholinergic nerves for relaxant forces. Specifically, cholinergic nerves that secrete acetylcholine to muscarinic receptors cause smooth muscle excitation and adrenergic nerves that emit catecholamines to adrenoceptors result in smooth muscle inhibition. There are varied neural and chemical receptors that begin these reactions. Bronchial smooth muscle is unique in that it has specific receptors on the plasmolemma that do not respond to stimuli the same way that other airway…

communication between nerves and muscles is disturbed. The nerve endings will usually release a neurotransmitter substance called acetylcholine to the body’s muscles. Acetylcholine generates a muscle contraction. Those with myasthenia gravis have an absence of acetylcholine. In the case of myasthenia gravis, the body’s antibodies stop, change, or kill the acetylcholine receptors, inhibiting the muscle from contracting.The immune system creates these antibodies to fight off infection.…

1. Nerve conduction tests of the ulnar, tibial, and peroneal nerves involves testing how well and quickly a nerve can send electrical signals to begin contraction of skeletal muscles. The first step in muscle contraction is excitation of a skeletal muscle fiber by a nerve signal. The nerve signal must be sent to the neuromuscular junction to open the voltage-gated calcium channels. Just like in a muscle fiber, the neuron must reach threshold potential before the action potentials can be…

The mean reflex conduction time for Achilles tendon light tap was 48.1ms, for Achilles tendon medium tap it was 125.25ms, and for Achilles tendon heavy was 167.5ms. The Reflex conduction velocity was calculated to be 28.15m/s for Achilles tendon light tap, 10.74m/s for Achilles tendon medium tap, and 8.02m/s for Achilles tendon heavy tap. According to the literature (Human Physiology An Integrated Approach 6th Ed pg. 339) the Achilles tendon light tap was 28.15m/s which was in the range between…

Alexandra Banales X explains Y The purpose of this experiment was to measure the tension, or force, produced by interacting filaments in a muscle fiber. In order to test this, a subject had three electrode disks located on their forearm. These disks were connected to a computer monitor which traced the EMG records and the Force trace of their muscle contraction. Data was observed while the subject changed their hand movement in different ways including wrist positions such as fully flexed,…