Neuron

essential for neuron growth, survival, and regeneration. Motile mitochondria can become stationary and in mature axons of the central nervous system (CNS), the majority of the mitochondria become stationary with only about 20-30% remaining motile. With this reduction in mitochondrial transport, mature CNS axons fail to regrow after injury, resulting in neurological impairment. Previous studies suggest that mature CNS neurons have lost their growth capacity and to recover from an injury, neurons…

POLYCHRONIZAT ION There has been recent experimental evidence that neurons can transmit information through precisely timed spike patterns. Patterns can be found in the precise spike timings of a group of neurons, which form a functional neuron group. Polychronization [20] can be defined as the ability to produce ‘time-locked’ but not synchronous firing patterns with milli-second precision. A network consisting of a group of neurons recurrently connected, with axonal delays and a synaptic…

Services. According to “Brain Basics”, neurons are specialized to pass on messages onto the next in order for us to function. When a neuron receives a signal, an electrical impulse travels down the axon to terminal branches at the end of the cell (Myers 56). From here, neurons send messages across the synapse, the junction between neurons, onto the next through chemical messengers called neurotransmitters (“Brain Basics”). Once this process is done, the sending neuron absorbs excess…

substantia nigra via the nigrostriadal pathway sends dopamine cells that are excitatory to the globus pallidis internus . The globus pallidus is inhibited creating disinhibition of the thalamus and excitory neurons are sent to the motor cortex. The result is facilitation to the lower motor neurons that innervate the voluntary muscles. In the indirect pathway the dopamine acts as a inhibitory…

accumulates in the ECS and impairs the survival of neurons. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) helps degrade glutamate into a-ketoglutarate, an intermediary in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (Coulter and Steinhauser, 2015). Superfluous glutamate release depletes the TCA cycle of intermediates and impairs ATP synthesis (Coulter and Eid, 2012). Another degradation enzyme is glutamine synthetase (GS), found predominantly in astrocytes…

it is impossible. The body needs sleep to regenerate certain parts of the body, especially the brain. After periods of time with little to know sleep one will know immediate side-effects of the brain not being able to restore and repair it’s own neurons (Lancaster, 2008).The brain is one of the most complex and least understood things in the world and without sleep there can be severe damage to this. Cognitive ability and behavior, including arousal, attention, cognitive speed, memory,…

heads—the other half of brain volume is called white matter. White matter is comprised of axons, which create a network of fibers that interconnect neurons and creates a communications network between brain regions. White matter gets its name from the white, fatty myelin sheath that surrounds the axons and speeds the flow of electrical signals between neurons and brain regions.…

1. There is an increasing amount of elderly rising in today’s society. According to the U.S census bureau, and the 2010 census taken, the elderly percentage in America is steadily on the rise, due to the baby boomers (Ortman, Velkoff, & Hogan, 2014). In 2010, the elderly population made up approximately 13% of the entire U.S population, in one decade, the number of adults 65 and older, increased by six million people (Werner, 2011). According to this census, a group of analysts were able to…

assembly, the evidence support the main hypothesis in that electrical coupling between sister excitatory neurons regulate the formation of specific synapses in a developing neocortex, and thus resulting in forming ontogenetic columns. This article is important to the general educated audience because it presents basic rules in which guide neural connectivity in the neocortex. The sister neurons become electrically coupled, which is a spread of potential change from one cell to another, by…

cells are called neurons. A neuron is basically an on/off switch just like the one you use to control the lights in your home. It is either in a resting state (off) or it is shooting an electrical impulse down a wire (on). It has a cell body, along little wire (the "wire" is called an axon), and at the very end it has a little part that shoots out a chemical. This chemical goes across a gap (synapse) where it triggers another neuron to send a message. There are a lot of these neurons sending…