Motor neuron

Pheochromocytomas are neural crest-derived tumors that produce catecholamines (such as epinephrine and norepinephrine) and arise mainly from the adrenal gland. Closely affiliated tumors of extra-adrenal paraganglia are also known as extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas. All these functional chromaffin tumors can result in substantial morbidity and mortality due to catecholamine oversecretion. Pheochromocytoma can have exceptionally variable clinical presentations - from rare and escalating…

Hormones operate using a type of mechanism. Releasing these hormones can trigger actions in particular target cells. One receptor on the cell membrane binds to one type of hormone. The binding hormones change the shape of the receptor, which causes the response to the hormone. Through the process of steroid hormone action, the hormone goes through a certain process of two steps. The hormone binds to receptors on the nuclear membrane once it is inside the cell that produces an…

Since roughly 80% of the population is right-handed there is an excellent chance that the attack will be coming from the right (your left). Since you already have your hands in a defensive posture you have some protection but what also needs to be trained is your response to a sudden attack or what is known as the startle response. ***** The startle response (also known as the startle reflex and the alarm reaction) is an involuntary reaction to an external stimuli such as a loud noise or a…

Bats are associated with the phrase, “Guardians of the Night” yet have horrible eyesight in the evening. To navigate after dark, bats use echolocation. Echolocation is the act of using the reverberation of a sound transmitted out of the body to detect objects in the surrounding area. Scientist for many years believed animals only had this ability. Due to human brains tending to suppress the frequency of echoes. This capability to retrieve the echo of a sound one transmitted has been perceived to…

Language is what allows us to interact and communicate with others and comprehend what they are saying instead of just sitting there with blank stares. So what happens when there is disconnect between our brains and our ability to communicate? Neurologists have termed the word aphasia which refers to “the collective deficits in language comprehension and production that accompany neurological damage” (Cognitive Neuroscience: The biology of the mind, pg. 472). Aphasia is typically associated…

General Description Huntington's disease is a disease that causes the progressive breakdown in the brain. Huntington's disease can have a major impact on a person's functional abilities and usually results in movement, and thinking and disorders. Every one out of 10,000 people have Huntington’s disease in the world but in the United States, almost 30,000 people have Huntington’s disease. People with Huntington's disease usually develop signs and symptoms in their 30s or 40s, but the major parts…

people still won’t understand why we need a cure, or they use these words carelessly and in the wrong situations. According to the Alzheimer’s Association Foundation, in both cases, the neurons of the brain who has the disease “break connections with other nerve cells and ultimately die.” That is a reason why short memory goes first. This disease is not a normal part of…

Presbycusis Hearing loss associated with the aging process, presbycusis, involves all things that lead to hearing loss in elderly people. Presbycusis commonly affects an individual’s ability to understand speech in noisy environments, process acoustic information, and localize sound sources. A large proportion of the elderly population over seventy years and older suffer from presbycusis (Lin, Thorpe, Gordan-Salant, & Ferrucci, 2011). The elderly population is at a high risk of developing a…

Membrane Potential in the RMP The membrane potential in the Resting Membrane Potential, or the RMP, is the little bit of voltage or electrical potential going across from the membrane of its regular resting voltage. This is caused because of gradients that make the ions go across the membrane of a cell through ion channels because ions are not soluble so they have to go through channels. These channels are called ion channels that are watery pores allowing ions to get through according to their…

amnesia results from a failure of memory encoding and storage. New information is processed normally, but almost immediately forgotten, never making it into the regions of the brain where long-term memories are stored. More specifically, in normal use, neurons in the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus make connections with the thalamus, which in turn makes connections with the cortex of the brain, where long-term memories are stored. Anterograde amnesia can therefore result from damage to the…