Ligand

Alkaline phosphatase catalyzes the hydrolysis and transphosphorylation of phosphomonoesters (1). A kinetic reaction scheme of AP is presented in Figure 2. Figure 2: Kinetic reaction scheme of alkaline phosphatase (11). Under the hydrolysis reaction, free phosphate and an alcohol molecule are released from the active site. The rate-determining step of this reaction is pH dependent. Transphosphorylation has similar initiate steps as hydrolysis. However, phosphate cannot exit the active site,…

The cell-surface ligands of RAGE interact and result in sustained cellular activation via multiple signaling pathways that lead to propagation of inflammatory responses. Among RAGE ligands, S100B suggested to mediate the significant role of RAGE in the pathogenesis of certain human diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, multiple sclerosis,…

There are many types of artificial sweeteners on the market found in numerous low calorie foods or diet drinks. Unlike sugar, these artificial sweeteners have no actual caloric value, and don't affect blood glucose levels as much for diabetics as regular sugar would. Artificial sweeteners are man-made, sometimes derived from sugars occurring naturally in nature. Splenda, a commonly used brand, is made of the artificial sugar sucralose while equal is made of the artificial sugar aspartame. These…

(P 3.2, M 1.7) Categories of Receptors Receptors are protein particles in the objective cell or on its surface that quandary ligands. There are two sorts of receptors: inward receptors and cell-surface receptors. Chemicals are put away and discharged Arrival of chemicals is because of incitement A wide range of hormones and neurotransmitters both frameworks respond w/particular…

(III) is also an accurate model for cyanocobalamin, as again its atom distances are close together. Methyl (pyridine) cobaloxime (III) is closer in atom distances to Vitamin B12 as it is closer on four out of the six ligand-metal distances. Cyanocobalamin is only closer on two of the ligand-metal bonds. Methyl (pyridine) cobaloxime (III) is an accurate model of vitamin B12. From analysing the LFSE’s of cobalt complexes, Co (III) is not a good starting material as it is low spin d6 ion and it is…

rapid development, and hence they overexpress many tumor-specific receptors, which can be used as targets to deliver cytotoxic agents into tumors[63]. Various ligands or active targeting agents used are antibodies, growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor), receptors (such as transferrin, epidermal growth factor receptor), ligands (including peptides and small synthetic organic molecules), nutrient…

Insulin Receptor Introduction Insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane receptor, an important member to a large family of tyrosine kinase receptor proteins. Endogenous ligands such as insulin, IGF-1 (Insulin-like growth factor-1) and IGF-2 (Insulin-like growth factor-2) bind to this receptor to carry out major physiological and metabolic functions. INSR (Insulin Receptor) gene encodes a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed in our body to form a functional heterotetrameric insulin…

functions to the heme group) found identified structural features that allowed for acquisition, transport and release of iron molecules (4). Some of the identified features include a 2-domain protein with flexible hinges. These domains enclosed the bound ligand and provided a stable environment for binding and proper triggering for the release of the…

2. Materials and Methods: The entire procedure for the identification of appropriate drug targets and prediction of inhibitor is shown in Figure 1 through schematic diagram. 2.1 Pathway analysis of the host and pathogen The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database [1, 2] was explored for metabolic pathways for both human genomes and Shigella flexneri 2a (301). The identification numbers of all pathways from both organisms were listed. Thereafter, a manual comparison was made…

possible (iii) have the same symmetry with respect to bonding molecular axis. 4. Ligand Field Theory (LFT): LFT is a more comprehensive and sophisticated theory is now evolved from the combination of CFT and MOT. Cotton defined LFT as the theory of the origin and the consequence of the splitting of the inner orbitals of transition metal ions and their chemical environment. The CFT assumes that the orbitals of the ligand atom do not overlap with the orbitals of the central metal ion under…