Insulin resistance

Insulin, one of the most important peptide hormone in the body, which plays significant role in maintaining the blood glucose level in the body. Under certain physiological conditions such as pregnancy, the body mechanism changes due to elevated levels of certain secretory factor like leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, TNF-α, plasminogen activator and testosterone (McLachlan et al., 2006), which produces certain adverse effects, insulin resistance being the most prominent one, where the body fails to utilize insulin leading to complications like, gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia and gestational hypertension (Thadani et al., 2004). Also, during gestation, combinatorial effects of hormones like, human placental lactogen (Brelje et al., 1993), progesterone (Kalkhoff et al., 1970), estradiol and cortisol, act as counter-regulatory hormones to insulin, which contributes to more resistance of the body towards insulin (Ryan et al., 1988).…

Introduction What is Insulin Resistance Syndrome? Insulin Resistance Syndrome is a proven facilitator of an alarming number of chronic illnesses in the United States. In order to understand the severity of insulin resistance syndrome, it is vital to recognize the important role that insulin plays in the human body (Reaven, 1995). Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas which is instrumental in the body’s use of digested food for energy. The body’s digestive tract breaks down…

Strong evidence suggests an association between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and insulin resistance [95]. De la Monte is one of the leaders who proposed the concept of Type 3 Diabetes Mellitus (T3DM) or brain insulin resistance based on experimental studies which demonstrated that brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer patients can be identified as type 3 diabetes (T3DM) [95, 96]. T3DM (brain insulin resistance) has molecular and biochemical features that overlap with both type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and…

The prolonged use of therapeutic glucocorticoids is associated with a range of adverse effects (figure 1). The detrimental effects on bone have received the greatest focus and there are now a range of therapeutic strategies available to reduce the negative effects of glucocorticoids on bone [1]. Endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoid excess is also associated with other serious clinical features such as the development of insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance and frank diabetes [2].…

early diagnosis, proper education and good care during pregnancy decrease risk factors and promote a healthy life and outcome for baby and mom. What is PCOS? When a woman is affected by PCOS, small cysts develop on her ovaries. These multiple (poly) cysts cause hormonal imbalances. The male sex hormones, androgens, (present in small amounts in women) increase. Also, the body tends to become insulin resistant. The results of PCOS include issues with menstrual cycles and…

Body weight (P=0.003), whole body fat mass (P<0.001), and waist circumference (P=0.003) also showed significant reduction with both group compare to baseline, but there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. Adverse event with liraglutide were nausea and diarrhea that did not correlate with weight loss and improved over time. The author of the study concluded that liraglutide did not show statistically significant weight loss difference between metformin, but have…

(van Uffelen et al., 2010) The list of serious sedentary health issues relevant to office employees due to the decrease in active work and the increase of sedentary activity are summarized in Table 2. Figure 1: Adult Activity Distribution during Waking Hours Figure 1. Distribution of adult activity during their waking hours. Adapted from “Too much sitting: a novel and important predictor of chronic disease ?” by N. Owen, A. Bauman, and W. Brown, 2009, British Journal of Sport…

ATryn is used in patients who have congenital antithrombin deficiency (inherited low levels of the protein antithrombin). Antithrombin is a glycoprotein produced by the liver and consists of 432 amino acids that inactivates several enzymes of the coagulation system. It is used when the patients are having surgery, to prevent problems due to the formation of blood clots in the vessels. In the body, antithrombin blocks thrombin, a substance that plays a central role in the process of blood…

1. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the MEND (Mind, Exercise, Nutrition, Do it) program. 2. The study was set up as a randomized control trial. There were a total of 117 participants recruited, of which – 116 were randomized. Of the randomized participants, 60 were recruited into the intervention trial, while 56 were placed into the control group. 3. The MEND intervention program focuses on cultivating healthy nutrition, behavior, and exercise habits within…

found that BBP was able to bind to Sert-3. Dr. Choundhury found that BBP disrupts the insulin regulatory pathway by binding to the native ligand of the receptor of a protein that causes insulin to be produced. Insulin helps facilitate the uptake of glucose into muscles and adipose (fat cells) for storage. If insulin is unable to uptake glucose, it will cause for the stimulation of fat in adipose tissue, which can cause obesity and diabetes. BBP was also found to induce adipogenesis. The…