Immunoassay

Introduction There are multiple Immunological techniques or tests used for starting and measuring an immune response (1). Antibodies and antigens found in our immune system is done by immunoassays (2). The majority of immunological tests are based on the adaptive immune system. Substances recognized by our immune system are antigens. Injections are done by a trained health care professional to test for an immune response. The antibodies work together to fight antigens. Immunologists can inject…

Introduction Each year, millions of Americans are infected with Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs), accounting for approximately 15,000 fatalities per year. When the diarrhea caused by the infection becomes severe, life-threatening complications may arise. Treatments are usually done with antibiotics, but with the rise of a newer and more virulent strain of C. diff, medications have become less effective. So to help combat the CDI epidemic, an old treatment called fecal microbiota…

• Clinical Appearance This refers to any specific signs and symptoms that are related to the development of an infection or disease. The appropriate description of the clinical appearance often leads to a diagnosis of the illness. • Stained culture/histology examination False coloration of a substance to aid in the inspection of tissues, microorganisms, or other cells under a microscope. • Tests for antibodies to the microorganism Antibody tests rely on on the fact that there are specific…

microbiological methods fail to reveal nanobacteria, and that specific methods had to be invented for their detection and culture. In short, Kajander and Ciftcioglu were faced with the extremely difficult task of developing a new DNA staining and immunoassay methods. Using their patented methods, they discovered a new living organism, or at least “the smallest cultivable autonomously replicating agent on earth”. Their methods were newly crafted at the time and were very theoretical in nature;…

 Experiment Procedure This experiment was conducted between 12PM and 5PM to reduce the effects of circadian rhythm on the participants, so the participants would be fully awake and cognitively aware at the time of the experiment. The subjects were instructed to arrive at the lab 1 hour prior to the beginning of the TSST. Upon arrival, they were taken to a waiting room where the head experimenter informed them about the process of the study. After verbal and written consent was received from all…

 Measurements The LifeShirt, a lightweight shirt made by VivoMetrics with built-in sensors capable of measuring respirational activity, heart rate, and subject posture and activity levels, among other things, was used to measure heart rate (HR) and RSA. RSA is used to determine automatic “cardiac control” by the brain in a subject and is a measurement of changes in heart rate during a respiratory period. HR and RSA were measured every five minutes between the introduction of the subjects to the…

DEVELOPMENT OF PEANUT ALLERGY Peanut allergies are one of the most prevalent food allergies, along with egg, milk, tree nut, fish, shellfish, wheat and soy [8a]. The exact cause of the development of peanut allergies is still unknown. Studies have showed a positive correlation between mothers eating peanuts during pregnancy and lowered occurrence of peanut allergy in the offspring [1,2]. However, this is contradicted by studies that found no apparent effect of maternal peanut consumption on…

the complex task of gathering information regarding the type, age, ethnicity, and/or gender of the sample originator from the biological fluids (blood, saliva, etc.) found at a crime scene [1-5]. Currently, serology employs two main techniques: immunoassay [8] and DNA [9]/RNA [10] analysis. Preliminary steps for these analyses (e.g., identification of human blood vs. other colored spots) can be easily performed on-site, however, supplementary steps often require analytical techniques which…

The purpose of the infections caused by gram-positive cocci lab exercise is to utilize different identification and diagnostic techniques to differentiate various groups of bacteria, which cause infection. Our primary goal is first to establish the presence of an infection; then, determine which particular pathogens, or groups of pathogens, are the underlying cause of the infection. In the clinic, infections manifesting from gram-positive cocci are a common and growing problem. Two genera in…

Urine testing is when the patient takes a plastic cup and urinates in it then then their name is labeled on it. The container is then sent to a laboratory where tests are run. There are several types of urine tests including Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique, Thin Layer Chromatography, and Radioimmunoassay. The next type of drug testing would be blood testing. The blood tests are performed by a nurse or doctor they stick a needle into the vein of the patient's arm and take a vial of blood…