Halogen

highly electronegative oxygen and nitrogen atoms. The combined electron-withdrawing resonance and inductive effect ensures that the negative charge on the nitrogen atom is effectively dispersed. Step 2: nucleophilic substitution In Section 3.6 Halogen Derivatives, it was mentioned that an alkyl halide can undergo nucleophilic substitution by heating with excess alcoholic ammonia to yield a primary amine. Excess ammonia is necessary if a high yield of the primary amine is required. If excess…

Interpretation of the NOESY: (Nuclear Overhauser Effect) spectrum of 1-(2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-4-yl)azepan-2-one (3a) is as follows. Strong coupling interaction of protons of 2nd and 4th position in 1-(2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-4-yl)azepan-2-one (3a), was not so strongly observed in COSY because it involves long range coupling i.e. protons attached between 2nd and 4th carbon atom. Hence, we studied NOESY to know the spacial interaction between these two protons. Thus, the…

Energy can be potential or kinetic. Radiant energy is a form of Kinetic energy. Movement of atoms, molecules, objects, waves, substances referring to a Kinetic energy. There are many different forms of kinetic energies like sound, motion, thermal energy, electrical energy. Nevertheless, there would be no life on Earth without radiant energy. What is radiant energy? The energy of electromagnetic waves and gravitational radiation is radiant energy. Radiant energy is the result of a change in…

The process of photosynthesis is composed of two phases: light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. The first stage (light-dependent reactions) occurs in the thylakoid membrane, which absorbs light energy to create NADPH and a proton gradient used to power the synthesis of ATP. The latter occurs in the stroma, and results in carbon dioxide fixation. In this experiment, only the light-dependent reactions were studied. 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCPIP) was used as an artificial…

There are many different methods for developing latent fingerprints. Some work better on non-porous surfaces, while others work best developing prints on porous surfaces. Some are destructive preventing testing the object for other forensic evidence while others are non-destructive. In order to make prints visible on porous surfaces, forensic scientists use one of three methods; Silver Nitrate, Ninhydrin and Iodine fuming. These three methods are known to be the most effective ways for…

Temazepam, commonly known as Restoril, is a sleeping pill that is prescribed to patients. This drug is classified under a type of drugs called benozaphines, which are, “a large group of drugs with sedative and anxiety-reducing properties, which have been found valuable for a large number of uses” (UXL Encyclopedia of Drugs and Addictive Substances). This class of drugs is used to reduce anxiety and help with insomnia. Since temazepam is classified as a benzodiazepine, I was curious as to what…

polar bonding.127 Therefore, the polymer surfaces suitable to this kind of modification must have sites that are able to undergo electrophilic or nucleophilic attack. Such polymer structures include benzene rings, hydroxyl groups, double bonds or halogens.127 The polymer surfaces can be functionalised via nitration,135 amination,135 bromination,136 sulfonation,122,137,138 benzoylation,139 and carboxylation.138 The modification of polyphenylene oxide (PPO) as an example is discussed. The…

Types of Spectroscopy used in Organic Chemistry 1.1 Introduction Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and light (electromagnetic radiation) (Crouch & Skoog, 2007). It is often phrased as the light of knowledge (Reusch, 2013). In the past, spectroscopy started by the study of visible light dispersed according to its wavelength by a prism (Anon., n.d.). Now, with the knowledge of light having both wave-like and particle-like characteristics, with given frequency or…

Selenium: The Essential Element Introduction Over the years, selenium is known to be the essential element in all forms of life. Selenium is a metalloid belonging to the block p, group 16, period 4. It is a gray metallic rare element widely distributed within Earth’s crust which has an atomic number of 34 and a symbol “Se”. Selenium was discovered in 1817 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius and Johan Gottlieb Gahn after analysing an impurity contaminating the sulphuric acid being produced by a factory…

Most people know that heat moves from hot objects to cold objects, but do they know how that heat is transferred? There are only three ways that heat can be transferred: conduction, convection, and radiation. Today I will endeavor to inform the reader on how these three different methods of heat transfer work and provide examples of where they occur in the real world. The most prevalent, and most commonly recognized, form of heat transfer is conduction. Conduction is the transfer of heat…