Glucocorticoid

[1]. Pulmonary cryptococcal infections have been reported in nonimmunocompromised hosts, including non-AIDS patients [1, 2] and children [3]. Due to advances in the diagnosis and widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, immunosuppressants, glucocorticoids and chemotherapeutics, the incidence of pulmonary cryptococcosis has increased dramatically in nonimmunocompromised patients in recent years [4, 5]. Patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis can be completely asymptomatic or have unspecific…

Diabetes is a group of diseases that result in too much sugar in the blood or high blood glucose. Diabetes mellitus is metabolic condition marked by insufficient uptake of glucose from the blood. The name comes from sweet urine because of the excess glucose that is filtered into the urine. This chronically high blood glucose level causes damage to the blood vessels and ultimately leads to damage of the vascular system. Diabetes mellitus is by far the most common of all endocrine (hormonal)…

transporter, known as antagonist-cocaine resulting in dependency and tolerance for the drug. When a drug abuser experiences stress it may cause a relapse. Stress-induced relapses activate the brain’s reward pathways that stimulate the release of glucocorticoid stress hormones. There is a major difference between drug rewards and natural rewards; especially since drug rewards are often chosen at the sacrifice of other rewards. Since addictive drugs such as Cocaine have no homeostatic benefit or…

is still little research to support any evidence. According to from the research, experience of the sexual abuse stressors can cause the functional and morphological changes in the hippocampus in rodent and primates. Stress-induced raises of glucocorticoids augment the extracellular accumulation of excitatory amino acids (EAAs) such as glutamate which results in hippocampal damage at cytoarchitecture reduced cell sprouting, cause neural cell death and functionally affect the learning and memory.…

All humans are designed with two types of immunity; innate and adaptive. The innate immune system can distinguish between different classes of pathogens and recruit the most effective form of adaptive immune response to eliminate them. Adaptive responses are a response that the body adapts to certain injuries or insults. Innate responses are non-specific to the insult. Unlike innate immune responses, the adaptive responses are highly specific to the particular pathogen that induced them (Alberts…

Pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME), also called Irvine-Gass syndrome, was identified and described for the first time by Irvine-Gass in the 20th century.1 Although the occurrence of PCME has declined with the use of modern surgical techniques, it is still recognized as one of the most common causes of poor visual outcome following cataract surgery.2 The pathogenetic mechanism underlying this syndrome remains unclear, although several factors have been identified potentially capable of…

medications like chlorpromazine, Reglan or Compro can help migraines. Opioid medications are used when a patient can’t take triptans or ergots or no other treatments have provided relief because opioids are habit forming drugs. Last but not least, Glucocorticoids (prednisone, dexathasone) works if taken with other medications to provide even greater pain relief. Although, those drugs should not be used frequently so you can avoid the side effects that come along with…

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a disease that impacts the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). MS impacts the brain and spinal cord because the myelin sheath, which protects nerve fibers, is attacked by the immune system. Nerve fibers over time deteriorate or they become severely damages to the point where it is not reversible. The cause of this disease is not yet known but is classified as an autoimmune disease. It is said that a mix between genetics and environmental factors could be…

1. The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine also known as T4 which maintains metabolic rate of all cells and processes of cell growth and tissue differentiation. 2. Calitonin is secreted by the thyroid gland and maintains calcium and phosphorus blood levels by inhibiting the transfer of calcium from bone to blood, increases calcium storage in bone, and increases renal exertion of calcium and phosphorus. 3. The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone or parahormone which regulates calcium…

patients with obesity, insulin resistance, malignancy, or medication use. Therefore, the history and physical examination is key to identify the cause of this skin condition. Medications that can cause this condition include the following: systemic glucocorticoids, insulin therapy, oral contraceptives, niacin,…