Geology

CHAPTER ONE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION Pan African Orogen (PAO) was formerly introduced by Kennedy (1964) to designate the peak of a wide spread orogenic thermo-tectonic episode characterized by intense period of reactivation and crustal formation. The term Pan African Orogen was used to describe the structural differentiation of Africa into cratons and mobile belts during the Neoproterozoic to earliest Paleozoic time (Kennedy, 1964). However, Kröner (1984) reformulate…

Introduction Postulated to be the result of either a long-runout landslide, or a structural pop-up, the Poverty Hills present a unique problem in the geologic community. Located on the western-most edge of the Basin and Range Province in eastern California (Fig.1), and within the Owens Valley basin, flanked by the Sierra Nevada and Inyo/White mountain ranges to the west and east, respectively. The hills are of particular interest as they represent an unusual combination of lithologies,…

Ian Miller is a Paleontologist who works for the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. Ian Miller’s problem is that he wants to find out how Western North America changed from the past 100 million years, what past climates were like 100 million years ago and the fossil ecosystems that existed 100 million years ago. Through solving and studying this problem, there have been many obstacles to solving his questions. Although obstacles causes trouble and hardships through experiments and test, Ian…

What is the Anthropocene? What is the Anthropocene, and why is it important? According to Paul Robbins, John Hintz, and Sarah A Moore (2014), the Anthropocene is an expression that is occasionally used in order to describe our current geologic epoch. It is said to have started from the time people first started having a control over ecosystems; influencing environmental ecologies all over the world (Robbins, Hintz, & Moore, 2014 p.4). With this definition, it is implied that humans have had a…

I could picture the Earth in my head. The blues of water, greens of vegetation, and whites of clouds, all the essentials of life swirling together as if left by brush strokes. I had been seeing it since my first earth science class in elementary school, glaring out at me from textbooks as if demanding an answer. How could you do this? The question reverberated in my head, the dull ache of cognitive dissonance setting in as I peered out the window. I didn’t have an answer. None of us did. That’s…

The Lock Haven Formation stretches across the state of Pennsylvania. Named after Lock Haven, Pennsylvania when first described in 1977 by Faills and Wells. The Formation was adopted by the United State Geological Survey, and assigned as one of the four formations to the Susquehanna Group. Replaces most of the wrongs formerly believed to be included in the Chemung formation (National Geologic Map Database). The Formation can be seen in Bradford, Blair, Cameron, Centre, Clinton, Lycoming, Mckean,…

Evolutionists use the geological column as a means of supporting their theory of evolution. The geological column is the theory of a sequence of rocks extending through time from the oldest at the bottom to the youngest mud, dirt and sand deposited on the surface. In many locations around the world, fossils have been discovered that run through many layers of rock. These fossils are known as polystrate fossils. This occurs when a fossil is deposited quickly and through a very large event, such…

The Badlands formed from a complex geologic setting. The topography that we see today is formed from erosion of the soft and not well-consolidated rocks. The oldest rocks found at The Badlands National Park are the Upper Cretaceous mudstones of the Pierre Shale (Graham, 2008). Overlying the Pierre Shale is the Fox Hills Formation, and overlying the Fox Hills Formation is the Tertiary White River Group. The White River Group contains a paleosol that are bright red. Overlying the Fox Hills…

I began college with an idea that I enjoyed the physical and social sciences. After taking archaeology and geology, I fell in love with both and learned that I could combine the two disciplines in a variety of careers. Geology has such a wide range of topics and career concentrations and this drew me to the profession. Geoarchaeology has been my focus over the past few years, but my interests have extended to soil health and geological disaster mitigation. Before any of this can be studied, one…

This paper examples the formation of the Deccan traps, the Deccan continental flood basalt, and present day Indian. Its first provides a brief background on what the Deccan Traps are and the history of their geologic integrity. The proof is explained through scientists seismic tomographic models and the evolution of the Indian plate, the Reunion island hotspot, and the evolution of lithospheric mantle structure. Keywords: deccan, mantle, plate, hotspot, reunion, reconstructions.…