Geological history of Earth

bright satellite of Saturn. By sending a space orbiter and a lander to the sixth largest moon of Saturn and the brightest world in the solar system (NASA, 2015), We can easily accomplish this researching mission and bring lots of valuable data back to earth. Enceladus, with approximately 310 miles diameters, is one tenth of the Saturn’s largest moon. (NolaTRedd, 2016) It was first discovered by Frederick William Herschel in 1789. People have few understandings until the two Saturn missions are…

Chapter VII: Miscellaneous Objections To The Theory Of Natural Selection Chapter VIII: Instinct Chapter IX: Sterility In these chapters, Darwin continues to disprove objections to his theory. In Chapter VII, Charles Darwin rejects an enormous amount of minute insignificant objections to his theory. He disproves each small objection with what reads as him being insulted by the lack of intelligence of his persecutors. Most of them are so insignificant that they don't deserve a mention,…

Earth has gone through tremendous changes in the past 4.6 billion years. From a united continent to seven continents spread all around Earth’s crust, species have evolved. Today, these changes are partly caused by human beings, rapidly causing a massive extinction—one that Elizabeth Kolbert calls the sixth extinction. Kolbert argues that due to humans getting involved in atmospheric and oceanic procedures, as well as affecting the principles of geographic distribution, we are either already in…

what the Deccan Traps are and the history of their geologic integrity. The proof is explained through scientists seismic tomographic models and the evolution of the Indian plate, the Reunion island hotspot, and the evolution of lithospheric mantle structure. Keywords: deccan, mantle, plate, hotspot, reunion, reconstructions. The Deccan traps of West India, located on the Deccan plateau, the traps are one of the largest volcanic formation on Earth. The traps consist of hundreds of…

evaluation theory, which explains in the book of On the Origins of Species by Charles Darwin, the father of evolution, a modest and affable scientist who believed true about the origins of adaptation, diversity, and complexity among the living forms on Earth. In his book, he tried to puzzle out the process that lead to such diversity and adaptation. In 1858, both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace simultaneously published the same theory that species evolve through natural selection,…

fact that the earth has elevated in temperature over the past 20,000 years from the last the last major ice event, but the true controversy comes from when they try to figure out why the warming is happening. There are two major thoughts on why this is occurring • Increasing the atmospheric concentration of the gas Carbon Dioxide (CO2). This is usually done by human’s industrial activities that emit this gas in the air causing it to trap long wave radiation reflected from the earth surface…

2. REIGIONALGEOLOGY 2.1. PRE- PONGOLALITHOGIES 2.1.1. KAAPVAAL CRATON The Kaapvaal Craton has a long and complex history that commenced in the Eoarchaean (>3600Ma) by a series of igneous intrusions that expands to 65Ma which is the Late Cretaceous Period. The Kaapvaal Craton’s granitoid rocks age between 3600Ma and 2500Ma (Anhaeusser, 2006). A number of supergroups overly the Kaapvaal Craton which range from oldest to youngest and include the Pongola, Witwaterstrand, Ventersdorp, and…

The Birds: Anthropocene Warning or Comical Prank? Humanity was not always on Earth, despite the long debate of how humans came to be, humans have caused many changes to the Earth. Over the many years humans have been on Earth there have been many challenges humans have faced and overcome. They have tried to put together Earth’s record of a timeline through history, which is called Geological Time Scale. In this time scale the periods of time have been divided and called epoch(s). Each epoch has…

“mega-eruptions” have occurred There have been “mega-eruptions” in Indonesia, Chile, New Zealand, Argentina, Japan and elsewhere in the United States. “Supervolcanoes” are supermassive, deadly, and have left geological evidence of their destruction all over the world. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) is a scientific entity of the federal government that specializes…

about a fire sprit who came to earth as a falling star to bring fire to the people, which ended up spreading and causing many deaths. Many believe “natural disasters are punishment for breaking laws and traditions” (CITE). The people believe the falling star can result in the earth shuttering. Hills and trees will fall over and the sky will turn black. There are many myths surrounding stories about falling stars, on even states that humans were brought to this earth by falling stars. These…