Extracellular

The process starts by binding of heat shock proteins to a large range of peptides under cellular stress conditions or during synthesis, after this reaction they can reach the extracellular space following to viral lysis or nacrosis, they also can carry antigenic peptides for cross-priming. Various number of bacteria can upregulate chemokines such as MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES across binding to CD40. The interactions of Hsp-70-peptide-CD40…

the structure and function of a lysosome. Lysosomes are a cell organelle, translating as an independent structure within a cell, possessing a specific structure and function. For a lysosome its functions include; digestion of intracellular or extracellular material, nutrition from digested macromolecules and defence/protection from harmful substances. Lysosomes are variable from cell to cell in terms of shape and size but are conventionally spherical or oval shaped, 0.5µm in diameter and around…

chronic interstitial lung disease of unknown origin that carries a potentially fatal prognosis. The course is usually indolent but inevitable 1;2. The disease damages mainly the alveolar epithelial cell, with increased interstitial deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), and enhanced fibroblast/myofibroblast proliferation. It progresses to loss of respiratory function and distortion of normal lung architecture 1;3. A variety of animal models of pulmonary fibrosis have been developed to…

CELL SIGNALING AND CELL TRANSDUCTION INTRODUCTION: In this lecture, we will study about cell signaling and signal transduction. Each cell in a multicellular animal is bombarded with chemical signals that are made by other cells and this is how communication occurs at cells level by different signaling molecule. Signals that regulate cell metabolism, alter or maintain its differentiated state, determine whether it should divide, and dictate whether it will live or die. The word “signals” in…

maintain will aid us in understanding how cells in organisms successfully maintain osmo-regulations. Eukaryotic cells have selective permeable membrane giving them the unique function of regulating specific molecules between the intracellular and extracellular environment. This experiment will help researchers understand how cell maintain its’ cellular regulations. For this reason, the specific cell chosen to further understand the osmotic regulation…

alteration of the gene can result in osteoarthritis. Another thing researchers have found that can cause osteoarthritis is a rare defect in people’s production of collagen. Collagen is a triple helical molecule and makes up a major section of the extracellular matrix. This fibrous, structural protein makes up the white fibers found in, skin, bones, tendon, and cartilage. Collagen is an essential building block for mechanical resistance in multicellular organisms. However it is also a signal…

the prognosis for survival after clinical intervention. The transcription factor OTX2, which is normally silenced in the adult brain, is overexpressed in the majority of MBs (60-75%). In this study, we hypothesized that OTX2 mRNA encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs) can serve as a non-invasive, early diagnostic and/or…

Two important factors which contribute to the delayed healing of diabetic wounds are infection and over expression of Matrix Metalloprotease (MMPs). The MMPs are a set of proteases which play a major role in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in case of normal wound healing. However when over expressed these MMPs tend to delay the wound healing process by degrading the newly formed ECM. It is observed that the MMPs are highly over expressed in case of diabetic…

First the binding of a ligand to the extracellular face induces a conformational change of the receptor, involving small changes in the TM helices and connecting loops. GPCRs have multiple binding modes for orthosteric and allosteric ligands, and the propensity of many GPCRs to form dimers or higher…

digestion has occurred, the ways organisms gain their energy from food has also evolved into much more complex processes. From the intracellular digestion process of single-celled organisms to multicellular organisms, such as humans, morphing into extracellular digestion, digestive systems have had to evolve with us so that our bodies allow us to easily absorb nutrients from our food. The simplest digestive system takes place in the subkingdom Protozoa, where organisms are made up of only a…