Extracellular

This is especially the case with these cellular processes regarding the extracellular matrix. Mutations dealing with cell division occur when normal cells start to gain different molecular changes. Integrins are adhesive receptors on the ECM. When cell division mutations occur the integrins aid in tumor progression by providing…

protonated Schiff base. The location and positioning of the retinal group was discovered using medium-resolution diffraction studies (Jubb, 1984). In the middle of the α-helices, there is a hydrophobic pocket, which lies approximately 15Å from the extracellular surface and this is where the retinal is found (Bonting, 1981). The retinal molecule is anti-parallel to the membrane plane and perpendicular to the α-helices (Henderson, 1975). The retinal itself is a long unsaturated hydrocarbon chain,…

After astrocytes remove glutamate from the ECS, glutamate must be isolated and degraded. Glutamate transporters are bidirectional, so intracellular elevations of glutamate levels will lead to an electrochemical gradient-mediated release if the molecule is not destroyed. If glutamate release is unregulated glutamate accumulates in the ECS and impairs the survival of neurons. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) helps degrade glutamate into a-ketoglutarate, an intermediary in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA)…

to identify the structure of the auxiliary channels. The CatSper β channel was first discovered by databases and reverse transcriptase methods (4). The CatSper β channel has two transmembrane sections along with a cytoplasmic small domain and a extracellular large domain (9). On the other hand, both the CatSper γ channel(10) and the CatSper δ channel(3) are composed of one transmembrane section each that…

GBR-12909, or saline, before the animals performed a probabilistic three-arm bandit task where novel options were randomly introduced. DAT is specific to the cell membrane of dopamine neurons and controls reuptake of extracellular dopamine. Blocking DAT therefore increases extracellular dopamine…

Transferrin is a protein that circulates in the plasma and is encoded by the transferrin (TF) gene. The protein contains 678 amino acid residues, 19 disulfide bonds and has a molecular mass of about 80 kDa. Transferrin has a combination of alpha helices and beta sheets that form an N-terminus and a C-terminus domain (1). The iron ion that binds to the protein binds to two tyrosine, one aspartic acid and one histidine residues. In humans, the major function of transferrin is to regulate the level…

The mitochondrion of the cell is the powerhouse of the cell meaning it is responsible for providing energy and respiration. The mitochondrion is used to provide the necessary energy which is generated for the cells to do its job. We can take brain cells for example, which need a lot of energy to be able to communicate with other body parts. This is achieved by substances being transported around the body along with the cells so they can be reached by those body parts which are far away. Tiny…

fluids in a person is body water. It is said that about 60% of the body water in people is contained inside the cells which is called intracellular fluid, intra meaning inside, while the remaining 40% of water is found outside the cells known as extracellular fluids. The composition of fluids outside the cells includes…

Cancer, Lysosomes, and Treatment Cancer is one of the most leading causes of death across the world. Several therapies exist to fight cancer. They include surgery, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, targeted therapy, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy. One common therapy many chose is chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is cancer treatment using one or more anti-cancer medications that are given as a standardized regimen. There are several types of chemotherapy medications. Alkylating agents attack…

Calcium is the richest mineral in our body holding many functions during the human development. Ca2+ controls many cellular processes such as: metabolism, gene transcription, fertilisation, proliferation, hypertrophy, secretion, exocytosis, cardiac ventricular mechanisms, neuronal dopaminergic pacemaker mechanisms, contraction, coordination and thinking, (Rubin, 2016). These processes can occur anywhere between a few microseconds to hours to complete. The basal Ca2+ concentration of…