Denaturation

Bleach was found to be a successful disinfectant against the bacterium S.epidermidis and E.coli, at all concentrations. Bleach is a household chemical substance that acts as a halogen-releasing agent specifically releasing chlorine. As bleach is an oxidizing agent, it facilitates the surge of cellular activity of Hsp33, which are redox-regulated chaperone proteins of the bacterial cell. This chaperone protein prevents the bleach from oxidizing the bacteria, which protects the cell against…

Biology Chapter 4 Extra Credit Essays 1. An electron microscope would be better than a light microscope because an electron microscope allows you to view objects much smaller than you can with a light microscope. It might be better to use a light microscope if you are viewing a live specimen and do not want to kill it. 2. Prokaryotic cells are small, simple, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, single loop of DNA (nucleosome), no cellulose, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall (made of…

standard buffer (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA), 200 M dNTPs (New England Biolabs), 400 nM each primer and 2.5 unit Taq polymerase (New England Biolabs) 20L PCR mix were prepared. For initial denaturation one cycle 94°C was applied. After that 35 cycles of , 94 °C for 45 seconds (DNA denaturation) 54 °C for 45 sec (oligonucleotide primer annealing), and 72 °C for 1 min (Taq polymerase extension) were applied. Lastly, 1 cycle of 72 °C for 10 min was applied for a final…

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the various chemical reactions that happen inside our cells. For the enzymes to function well, they need to be in an environment with a specific set of conditions, other than that it will lead to the denaturation of the enzyme or will render it completely inactive. There are a lot of factors that impact enzyme activities, but in this experiment we examined the effects of 4 different factors which are temperature, Ph level, addition of the inhibitor…

The objective of this lab was to see how enzymes were used, use the scientific method, and how enzymes are affected by temperature. Introduction Proteins which constitute enzymes in their final form are macromolecules that make up large amounts of living organism which are called polymers which are made up of many different monomers. An enzyme is a biological catalyst that increases the rate of a reaction by lowering activation energy. Activation energy that the enzyme uses id an energy barrier…

In this figure (10°C trial), the two test tubes are clearly labeled with 1 and 7, test tube 1 contains the 1 cm³ liver and test tube 7 contains the 5 mL of hydrogen peroxide. these two test tubes are in a 250 mL beaker containing approximately 125 mL of tap water and ice. The thermometer was placed in test tube 7, which contains the hydrogen peroxide to measure the temperature of the solutions. The hydrogen peroxide was poured into the test tube containing to the liver and was observed.…

The study of inheritance at the at one of the smallest levels is referred to as molecular genetics and is utilized for many purposes, which include genes, genotyping, sequencing, cloning, etc. (Kelly, 2016). This allows for the ability to conduct DNA analysis revealing varying compositions and properties. For the following experiment the genomic DNA from Drosophila melanogaster, was utilized to be cloned and sequenced for either actin or 18s rRNA. In order to clone and sequence the specific…

" Hyperoxia results from the inhalation of mixtures of gas containing higher partial pressures of oxygen (O2) than normal air at sea level." Therefore our first questions are: how the human body can use the oxygen? Witch pathway needs Oxygen? Here we can introduce the entire aerobic pathway. How the oxygen pass from the lung to the blood? How the oxygen is carry in the blood vessel? Then how the oxygen crosses to pass in the organ that needs oxygen? Now we can start to talk about why we need…

3.3.1 POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is the most common DNA amplification method in molecular biology, it was invented by Kary Mullis while working in Emeryville, California for Cetus Corporation, one of the first biotechnology companies. His invention won him a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993. PCR has revolutionized the field of molecular biology as it has enabled researchers to perform experiments easily that previously had been unthinkable. Before the mid-1980s…

2. Materials and methods 2.1. Chemicals Zingerone was obtained from Alfa Aesar, Heysham, UK. Cisplatin, Bradford reagent, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), reduced glutathione (GSH), glacial metaphosphoric acid (Gmpa), 5,5ˊ-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), proteinase K and agarose were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co, MO, USA. All other chemicals and solvents used were of the highest purity grade available. 2.2. Animals Sixty Adult male albino rats (180-200g) were…