Conserved sequence

In order to survive in and withstand many environmental pressures, one aspect that is both critical and necessary is the ability for organisms to be able to regulate gene expression. Amongst bacterial species, one gene that has been identified as a main factor is the cell-cycle transcriptional regulator, known as ctrA. It controls at least 25% of the genes involved in the cell cycle process (Mercer et al., 2010). ctrA has been highly studied in the model organism, Caulobacter crescentus, in…

The heretical concept of antimicrobial resistance: In mid 1950 which is known to be one of the most significant year of Medical science when genetically transferred antibiotic resistance was identified in Japan and a theory has established on the basis of scientific data is that during Bacterial conjugation resistance genes or r genes are propagated from one strain to an entire population. Therefore Bacterial Genome evolution has started taking place as one of the major fields in Microbiology,…

to better understand the human genome. This allows them to develop new strategies to combat human disease. Comparative genomics is also a powerful tool to study the evolutionary relationship among organisms. We are able to identify genes that are conserved among the species. We can also identify genes that give organisms their unique and complex characteristics (Comparative Genomics Fact Sheet). This allows us to make inferences regarding the rate of evolution of particular genes, duplication…

predicted protein-protein interaction, but it can also identify novel interactions. After identification the purification consists of numerous wash and elution steps. In pull-down assays, because the specificity of the interaction is dependent on the sequence of the binding domain, these approaches are highly specific in detecting the activation of distinct proteins [2]. Another technique used for protein interaction is ELISA which can monitor protein-protein interactions in solution. ELISA…

depending on sequence similarities. The FOX family of proteins function as transcription factors and their defining feature is a DNA binding domain known as the fork head domain (Lai et al 1993). This domain is a hundred amino acids long and is highly conserved. It consists of three alpha helices and two large loop regions. The resulting structure resembles butterfly wings and the FOX proteins are sometime refer to as winged helix proteins(Clark et al 1993).…

P. aeruginosa is a gram-negative non-sporulating bacillus that belongs to the phylum of Proteobacteria. It can adapt and thrive in different niches, ranging from water/soil to plant/animal tissues. Even though it is commonly found in the environment, it frequently causes infections in plants and animals (1). Luke (1862) was the first to report P. aeruginosa in infections as he observed rod-shaped particles in blue-green pus of some infections. This coloration is a hallmark of P.…

It is also evident that the morphological components of apoptosis has been conserved throughout the evolution of apoptosis by genetic control. Despite this, many discoveries have found some indistinguishable PCD features between mammalian cells and unicellular cells. More specifically, the unicellular eukaryote L. major clearly…

potyviral P1 protein is a serine protease that cleaves at its own C-terminus (Verchot et al., 1991). This is the most divergent potyviral protein in size (30-63 kDa) and sequence except protease domain which is placed at C-terminal region (Yoshida et al.,2012Adams et al., 2005; Urcuqui-Inchimaet al., 2001). Protease domain is well conserved and catalytic triad H-(X7-11)-D-(X30-36)-S has been identified which is responsible for self-cleavage.…

Insulin (from the Latin, insula meaning island) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets, and it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by promoting the absorption of, especially, glucose from the blood into fat, liver and skeletal muscle cells. In these tissues the absorbed glucose is converted into either glycogen via glycogenesis or fats (triglycerides) via lipogenesis, or, in the…

Figure 2. The proteomic organization of three subfamilies of Smads (Co-Smad, R-Smad and I-Smad) and organization of a Smad MH1 domain with DNA. (A) All Smads information taken from PDB entry Smad>UniProt Gene list of Smads. The conserved N-terminal MH1 domain is in red, linker region in dark blue and the C-terminal MH2 domain in deep yellow. In the linker region the red PXS/TP (or S/TP) indicates the potential phosphorylation site for MAPKs ERK1/2, and the square indicates the PY…