Congenital heart disease

The heart is one of the major organs in the body that is essential. The heart is considered a pump that helps the blood flow, continuously, throughout the body. The heart is located under the rib cage, between the lungs, and more on the left side of the breastbone. It has two major coronary arteries, electrical impulses, four chambers, and four valves to help the blood flow one way. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava. When the right atrium…

You may have witnessed someone struggle with it--a squeeze in the chest, the faster beat of the heart, a shortness of breath that may be accompanied by a wave of dizziness, nausea, or sweating. Or maybe the pain isn’t in the chest itself, but in their shoulders, arms, neck, or back. These are all the symptoms commonly found in patients experiencing a heart disease. Specifically, the coronary artery disease (CAD) is known to affect about 13 million people and remained the No. 1 killer in America.…

Najar, Girl is a 2 day old FT female with TEF/EA who I scheduled for surgical repair on 02/19/18. Her echo showed membranous VSD, two secundum ASDs and small PDA, all shunting left to right. Clinically she doe not have signs of increased pulmonary blood flow. Once pulmonary vascular resistance further drops (usually in few weeks, we would expect to see signs of increase pulmonary blood flow such as tachypnea, excessive sweating/ difficulty with feeding and lung congestion. At that point, she…

Bones fulfill a variety of functions, including the task of providing storage for nutrients, as well as support for the body as a whole (Bikle and Halloran 1999; Curry 2006; Pearson and Lieberman 2004; Swartz 1989). In order to accomplish those tasks, the skeletal system must have the capability to both withstand and successfully respond to internal and external pressure (Pearson and Lieberman 2004; Swartz 1989). Specifically, stature and weight, in relation to positional behavior, are…

Arteries Arteries carry blood at high pressure (80 - 120 mm Hg) They have a narrower lumen (to maintain high pressure) surround by a thick wall made of two layers The middle layer (tunica media) contains muscle and elastin to help maintain pulse flow (it can contract and stretch) The outer layer (tunica adventitia) contains collagen prevents the artery rupturing due to the high pressure blood flow Veins Veins carry blood under low pressure (<10 mm Hg) They have a very wide lumen (keeps…

Mr. T is a 55-year-old man with a history of Pre-diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypercholesterolemia who presents with a chief complaint of “pressure on the chest” that lasted 5 mins. Mr. T was in his usual state of health until three days ago when he felt a gradually increasing pressure on his chest as he was shoveling snow at 7:30 am. The discomfort caused him to immediately stop shoveling and the pain resolved on its own with rest within 2 to 3 minutes, and he has not experienced any discomfort…

Electromyography (EMG) is a diagnostic procedure to detect the muscle’s membrane depolarization. It can be used to determine the functions of different muscles during different movements. For this study, the question is which movements associate with large burst of the deltoid, shoulder muscle, activity. I hypothesis that shoulder abduction, when the palm is down, would produce high level of the deltoid activation, the highest amplitude of EMG. The subject performed four different movements with…

Respiratory System: I examined the trachea and saw it in good shape and health. The right and left lungs look normal and strong. I examined the lobes and bronchus and they all looked fine. This patient's respiratory system was not affected by the disease. Immune System: I examined the Immune System. I examined the inside of the pancreas. I saw that the pancreas was producing less insulin, and more glucose was going into the blood. This means insulin moves less glucose to the cells, making them…

They state investigations should include “alterations in maximal heart rate and maximal stroke volume, hemoglobin levels and endothelial function, and skeletal muscle characteristics” (Farrell & Willis, 2012). These variables could provide answers and understanding of how serum vitamin D affects the cardiorespiratory…

Although these drugs may help maintain a normal heart rhythm, they can cause side effects, including: nausea, dizziness, and fatigue. Rarely, they may cause ventricular arrhythmias – life-threatening rhythm disturbances originating in the heart’s lower chamber. These medications may be needed indefinitely. Even with medications, there is a chance of another episode of atrial fibrillation. The patient may be prescribed medications to control the heart rate and…