many come from a substantial lack of both external and internal validity in the research. This paper aims to show how shortcomings of other’s research can provide an opportunity for us to supply relevant need-based information. Arguably the most confounding variable when studying exercise is fatigue. Physical activity, by its very nature, causes fatigue and working out after a very physically active day or after very little…
that all information a from a secondary source. Confounding Although I found bias in the selection process, investigators did seek to control confounding by eliminating any child who address could not be located by MapInfo® Corporation’s MapMarker or by the U.S. Census Bureau’s Census Tract Street Locator (SOURCE). This ensured that all participants were of either public housing or undeveloped housing in New Orleans. Additional confounding efforts included: the elimination of the lowest…
music lessons and families with higher standards of living are to afford music lessons (Costa-Giomi 1). While these tests support the theory that music would not benefit the lives of children, they do not consider many confounding variables that could obscure results. These confounding variables include the quality of music lessons taught and the type of music taught. If proper music instruction is implemented and the proper type of music is used, then the resulting side effects of music on a…
applicable in the real world. These usually refer to those interventions stemming from controlled experiments. Therefore, an effective evaluation would determine the likelihood of achieving the same goal or outcome as the intervention should despite any confounding variables in the real world. Chen 2015 states that many programs with efficacy have no applicability to the real world.…
studies utilized a form of exercise as their independent variable and mood as their dependent variable. The distinct variation in these studies lies in the type of physical activity and operational definition of the variables. These, artifacts and confounding variables are discussed along with suggestions for how the researchers could have improved their methods. In 1988, Steptoe and Cox authored the article, “Acute effects of aerobic exercise on mood,” which appeared in Health Psychology.…
Semi-ecological studies, also known as semi-individual studies are defined as studies where “individual-level data are available on outcome and confounders, with an ecologic exposure assessment” (13)Though expensive and time consuming, in such studies, the confounding factors relating to individual mortality / morbidity have been measured at an individual level and the air pollution exposure can be measured at the group level, thereby providing data on chronic exposure in a way that time-series…
and the study doesn’t really rely on statistics in the first place. Even after having to go through a quasi-experiment because there is no other choice for studies regarding these kinds of things, the researchers cover the sample and all other confounding variables so well that the study remains strong and…
To select their participants, both study A and B used larger governing bodies: a university and a health clinic, respectively. Although this increases convenience for the researchers, it also introduces numerous confounding variables and limits the population which the results can later be generalized. For both studies, they narrow their scope geographically by drawing from only one location. Because Study A used only university students, thereby decreasing the scope…
1) For each of the studies, how did Golub, Gilbert, and Wilson (2009) operationally define the positive expectations? How did they operationally define affect? In the laboratory studies the positive expectation were operationally defined by presenting the personality classification A to the 13 participants in both 1a and 1b. The classification was shown by the computer. In the field study the positive expectation was operationally defined by asking students to…
wasn’t bias. The method of sampling was appropriate for the research. The procedures led to a clear conclusion. There are some confounding variables for the sampling. As I was saying in the first part of this paper, they did a research on the effects of genes on eating disorders. The experiment involves the study of twins and individuals and I believe that a confounding variable would be if the twins or the individual is adopted. The data-gathering methods or procedures were appropriate to the…