Chromosomal translocation

genetic chromosomal disorder and cause of learning disabilities in children.” ("Down Syndrome - Mayo Clinic") History: Down Syndrome was discovered in 1866 by a British physician named John Langdon Down, which is where the name Down Syndrome came from. This genetic disorder was first referred to as Mongolism. The name Down Syndrome did not start being used until the early 1970s. In 1959, a French Pediatrician/Geneticist…

Introduction: Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders observed approximately in 1-3% of population, it has affected around 70 million people worldwide and nearly 90% of them are found in developing regions (Ngugi et al; 2010). The corresponding figure for India was estimated to be more than 12 million with 1% prevalence contributes nearly one-sixth of the global burden (Senthil Amudhan et al., 2015). Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by an enduring predisposition…

Acute Myeloid Leukemia is categorized by a growth in the number of myeloid cells in the marrow and puts a block in their maturation in the earliest stage of development. In many cases, it includes the encouragement of irregular genes through chromosomal translocations. (1). The diagnosis of AML involves the presence of at least 20% leukemic…

screening test. This is when they remove a sample of genetic material to check for any extra material in chromosome 21 (“How do health care”). Even though this may help with detecting all forms of Down syndrome, it is especially vital to noticing Translocation Trisomy 21, since an extra piece sticks onto the chromosome. Because this test does have a possibility of complications, it is required to have the other test done first, to prevent this risk of complications. After the child is born, they…

Chromatin is a compacted form of chromosomal DNA, the basic unit of which is the nucleosome, consisting of 146 bp of DNA wrapped around a core histone octamer. To regulate the structure of chromatin, histones undergo a large number of post-translational modifications, such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation, ADP ribosylation, beta-N-acetylglucosamine and deamination. These modifications can also recruit other remodeling proteins and complexes to reposition…

Down Syndrome affects physical growth, facial characteristics, and intellect. Also known as Trisomy 21, it is a genetic mutation in which a person is born with an extra chromosome. These chromosomes are rod-like structures where genetic materials are stored and grouped. The nucleus of each cell in the human body contains 23 chromosomes, half, being inherited from each parent. The added chromosome changes the systematic development, affecting not only physical traits but mental as well. Common…

A body is made up of cells, and in each cell, genes are found. Genes are passed down to children from parents, and over time genes can mutate. Mutations, or changes, in genes acquired from a mother or father, or genes damaged throughout a person’s life, is what contributes to the growth and development of cancer. Normally, one mutation will not cause cancer because the human body can correct that change, but with a multitude of mutations over time cancer becomes more probable. There have also…

Figure 1: Shows the gene expression changes found in Arabidopsis after the insertion of the IRX1, IRX3, and IRX5 mutants(Brown). 1A shows the principal component data collected from the targeted areas of the plant(Brown). 1B shows a comparison of gene expression of the base and tip of the stem and the change of level(Brown). 1C shows the slope of genes most likely to be related to IRX3(Brown). From Figure 1B, it is shown through analysis that there are several hundred genes that show an increase…

Lung Cancer Lung cancer is a malignant neoplasm of the lung tissue characterized by an uncontrolled cell proliferation. It is also referred to as carcinoma of the lung. This neoplasm arises from epithelia of the lungs, bronchi and trachea. Lung cancers can be of epithelial cell origin (carcinoma) or mesothelial cell origin (malignant mesothelioma). Lung cancer begins with inactivation of tumor suppressor genes or with activation of oncogenes. Carcinogens bring about mutation in the genes that…

pyrimidine. Transverses are base changes from pyrimidines to purines or purines to pyrimidines. The more common of the two is transitions because the base changes to a similar shaped nucleotide so the geometry is similar to the correct sequence. 3. Translocation between chromosome 9 and…