Benzene

activating. The reason it is considered to be activating is because of the electron pairs on the ether molecule. Furthermore, the electrons activate the benzene ring which makes it more reactive. On the other hand, if benzoic acid replaced anisole in the experiment, it would act as a deactivating group. Carboxylic acid pulls electrons from the benzene ring acting as a withdrawing group which causes a slower reaction with the increase of stability and decrease in reactivity due to resonance.…

correlation exists between hair dye chemicals, specifically para-phenylene-diamine (PPD) and para-aminophenol (PAP), and harmful health effects, such as cancer and organ damage. Additionally, the International Agency for Cancer Research (IARC) also listed benzene…

Experiment 5: Separating Ferrocene and Acetylferrocene by Adsorption Column Chromatography AIM The primary goal of this experiment is to separate ferrocene and acetylferrocene using adsorption column chromatography. Additionally, a dry pack method with a micro scale column will be implemented, and the percent recovery for each compound will be computed. TABLE OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND HAZARDS WITH STRUCTURES Ferrocene: - Physical Property: Solid Molecular Weight: 186.04 g/mole Boiling…

The issue : Global warming (Benzene 2C6H6) Figure (1) Different ways to create carbon and how it affects the environment. Combustion (O2) is a process that involves benzene. 2 C6H6(l) + 15 O2(g) ---> 12 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g) Benzene is used as a fuel for cars, it has some problem with the environment. As seen in Figure (1) and the balanced equation that the process of making Benzene makes lots of carbon (gas) which damages the environment because it makes “greenhouse gases” trapped in the…

Aromatic rings are very unique and therefore can follow very specific reactions in order to add select substituents to its ring. One of those types of reactions is referred to as Friedel-Crafts a reaction, to main sub-categories is Friedel-Crafts Alkylation and Friedel-Crafts Acylation. Both of these types of reactions involve electrophilic aromatic substitution and are work with deactivated rings (Friedel-Crafts Alkylation, 2010). In Friedel-Crafts Alkylation there is usually a secondary or…

In this experiment, unknown B was a solid mixture containing two compounds of interests, 1,4-dimethoxybenzene and neutral benzoic acid. These compounds were separated by extraction and washing, and liquid-liquid extraction was specifically performed. Extraction is the process by which a compound of interest is selectively removed from impurities, and washing is the process by which unwanted products or impurities are selectively removed from the desired product. In liquid-liquid extraction,…

Benzo(a)pyrene has a chemical formula of C20H12 and is considered a Group 1 Carcinogen by the International Agency for Research and Cancer (IARC) (7, 11). It is composed of a cyclic structure and crystals appear to be pale yellow and needle like from benzene/methanol. It possesses a faint odor and the crystals of Benzo(a)pyrene may be mono-clinic or orthorhombic (4,e). BaP also has a very low solubility in water and to exert its effects, it must be bound to particle matter hence…

This experiment was performed in order to demonstrate the principles of nitration through electrophilic aromatic substitution. It also examined the effects of bromine on an aromatic ring, ortho-para vs. meso directing. The second experiment was performed to compare the reaction rates of electrophilic aromatic bromination with different arenes. Data and Results In the gas chromatogram, there are two large peaks. The first peak at 0.653 minutes with an area of 133,352 uV per second, 31.95% of…

In this experiment p-cresol was converted to n-propyl p-tolyl ether by using a modified form of the Williamson Ether method. The modified form used is called Phase Transfer Catalysis. The p-cresol was deprotonated by NaOH. The addition of tetrabutylammonium bromide provides the necessary help that the nucleophile needed to get into the organic phase in order to react with the electrophile. The reaction would have proceeded without this addition although it would have been a very slow reaction.…

The major bottleneck for lipid extraction from the wet microalgae is the low extraction efficiency, because of the immiscibility of nonpolar organic solvents with water contained in wet microalgae {Yoo, 2012 #31} {Kim, 2013 #118}. Traditional method for lipid extraction from dry biomass uses a co-solvent system, which consist of a non-polar solvent and polar solvent {Halim, 2012 #7} {Kim, 2013 #118}. When the co-solvent system is directly applied to wet microalgal biomass, the microalgal cells…