An infant is born to two parents. The father has type A blood and the mother has type B blood. A sample of the infant’s blood is sent for blood typing. When the infant’s blood is subjected to forward typing, there is no agglutination. When back-typing is performed, the infant’s serum causes agglutination with both type A and type B RBCs. Which of the following is the most likely interpretation of these results? A. The infant has type A blood. B. The infant has type AB blood. C. The infant has…
1. What is the most likely diagnosis of the underlying disease in this patient (5 marks)? Follicular Lymphoma. 2. Describe the process of autologous transplantation for the treatment of this patient’s disease. (5 marks). Stem cells are removed from patient and stored in a freezer. Patient will then receive high dose chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy to get rid of circulating tumor cells in the blood. The removed stem cells are transfused, replacing the destroyed tissue and…
Urodynamic studies or urodynamic testing is a set of tests that are conducted for evaluating the function as well as condition of the lower urinary tract. In other words, urodynamics is a group of tests that are generally prescribed by a urologist, gynecologist, or urogynecologist. These tests allow them to carry out a visual examination of the functioning of the lower urinary tract. Why urodynamic testing is used? A team of qualified doctors conduct the urodynamic testing to assess lower…
Coronary heart disease, one of the most pervasive disease, has influenced more than million individuals around the globe. It has brought biomedical engineers and scientists closer to develop devices like defibrillators and artificial hearts that may alleviate patients’ pain. As the number of patients suffering from heart diseases increase, the need for donor hearts increases as well. In 1995, 4000 patients waited for donor hearts and 731 of them died waiting (ijates.com). Artificial hearts…
procedure outweighs the risk of surgery. In this case, the patient must have lost function is both kidneys (as people can survive with one functional kidney) due to an end-stage renal disease, thus necessitating the need for a kidney transplant. Hypothesis: Like already stated, when organ failure occurs, physicians determine whether or not to proceed with surgery. The patient…
of appetite, insomnia, tingling and swelling of the extremities. In kidney transplant patients, 30% or more side effects are infection, HTN, abnormal renal function, constipation, diarrhea, N/V and insomnia. A very rare disease which is usually presented in Tacrolimus induced immunodeficiency is Progressive Multifocal Leucoencaphalopathy (PML). We came across one such case which was initially suspected PML in 51 year old kidney…
Hypovolemia is a state in which the blood volume, specifically the volume of the blood plasma, is decreased. This can also lead to an imbalance in the volume contraction, or a decrease in the volume of body fluid, which includes osmolytes. Hypervolemia is often linked with sodium depletion, and is distinctly different from dehydration. Causes include loss of blood, loss of plasma, and loss of osmolytes via diarrhea and vomiting. It is recognized by tachycardia and diminished blood pressure, as…
life-saving organ transplant thanks to the generosity of a donor. (life) In Indiana, more than 1,400 people are on a waiting list for an organ transplant. (life) While most organ and tissue donations occur after the donor has died, some organs (including a kidney or…
stored in the brain, helps control the body's water balance. The kidneys filter the blood to remove waste and excess fluid, which are stored in the bladder as urine. ADH controls the balance between fluid intake and urine excretion. Normally, when a person's fluid intake is low or when a lot of fluid is lost (for example, through sweating), the brain releases more ADH into the bloodstream. High levels of this hormone direct the kidneys to reabsorb more water and to make less urine. When fluid…
Summary 1: Sodium and excessiveness of it is one of the main factors increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke in Americans. The purpose of this study was to test the relationship between the amount of salt consumed and cardiovascular disease or stroke. To do this study, researchers used a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies done between 1966 through 2008. They used data sources from Medline, Embase, Psychinfo, Cochrane Library, AMED, and CINAHL. The average salt intake…