Acute kidney injury

The kidneys are a pair of bean shaped organs that sit to each side of the vertebral column, with the left kidney situated slightly lower than the right. Remarkably, the pair of organs are able to process in the region of 1700 L of blood a day whilst only weighing approximately 113 – 170g (Porth, 2005). The blood is supplied to each kidney via a renal artery branching off from either side of the aorta (Martini, 2006), the renal artery then divides into segmental arteries that sub-divide into…

developed against the noncollagenous domain 1 of the alpha 3-chain of type IV collagen). The noncollagenous domain 1 alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen is specifically found in the basement membranes of the glomeruli and alveoli resulting in distinct kidney and lung pathology in patients with Goodpasture syndrome This specific type of collagen is also found, but less abundantly, on the basement membranes of the testis, inner ear, eye, and choroid plexus sometimes resulting in other distinct,…

sepsis, leukopenia and increased risk of bladder cancer(20). As a result, Methotrexate has been used to substitute the more toxic Cyclophosphamide, yet studies show that it has a higher relapse rate. Also, excretion of this drug is mostly by the kidneys, and thus it is not routinely…

African-American female seen and evaluated at Hartford Nursing and Rehab Facility for monthly renewal. Resident was sitting in her wheelchair in her room. She was pleasant on approach and she was able to verbalize her needs. Resident did not appear to be in any acute distress at this time. She states that she feels better that last week, but occasionally experiences cramps in her lower legs. She states that has similar episodes in the past that resolve in a few days. She reports no other…

gland secretes parathyroid hormone or parahormone which regulates calcium and phosphorus by stimulating the transfer of calcium from bone to blood, and inhibiting bone formation and by increasing calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion in the kidney. 4. Mineral corticosteroids such as aldosterone are secreted by the adrenal…

ANSWER 1 IDDM: Type 1 diabetes is a chronic disease, which starts to develop in childhood it was known as juvenile onset as well. It is a progressive destruction of autoimmune pancreatic beta cells depending upon the individuals. Genetically individuals develop islets of autoantibodies from months to years before diagnosing type 1 diabetes. Glucose level is increased as the body starts to produce low level of insulin and glucose is eliminated in the form of urine. Weight loss, frequent…

This guideline targets children from 1 month to 18 years old with suspected urinary tract infection. Acute phase of UTI requires: initiation of early empirical treatment; empirical therapy administration route (intravenous, oral); choice of empirical antibiotic therapy; and duration of antibiotic treatment. For a child, who can control urination the urine…

“Animals that develop toxic injury or disease during toxicology research and testing studies often experience significant pain, distress, suffering, and/or death. Nearly all of the estimated 2000 new chemicals and thousands of chemical products introduced each year must undergo acute safety tests to determine whether the substance is toxic or lethal and whether it causes allergic skin reactions or damage to eyes or skin. Much of this acute testing is still conducted using mice, rats…

including, patients with acute urinary retention or bladder outlet obstruction, patients undergoing surgical repair of the genitourinary tract, critically ill patients requiring frequent and urgent measurements of urinary output, incontinent patients whom require healing of open sacral or perineal wounds, patients needing comfort for end of life care, or patients with unstable structural injuries that may be compromised (i.e., unstable thoracic or lumbar spine, multiple traumatic injuries such…

Every day animals all over the world are unwillingly and harshly treated as experimental objects, to be used for unnecessary scientific cosmetic testing. Across the country, about 26 million animals every year are used in and as experiments. They are used to figure out the toxicity of medications, discover and develop medical treatments, participate in food and chemical tests, and, most especially, make sure certain products for humans, such as cosmetics and other personal care products, are…