Action potential

The parasympathetic division, is associated with actions that conserve and restore energy. It is central during rest, sleeping, digesting food, lowering metabolic rate and restoring blood pressure and resting heartbeat. The parasympathetic system is also referred to as the craniosacral system i.e. preganglionic…

damage to the body. The effects of multiple sclerosis are seen as the result of occurrences taking place at a more molecular level. “If an axon loses myelin, it still lacks sodium channel in the areas previously covered with myelin, and most action potentials die out between one node and the next” (Kalat, p.44-45). Multiple sclerosis will present itself with a wide array of…

of these neurons occur periodically, which gives rise to the spontaneous tail coiling behaviour (Saint-Amant and Drapeau, 2000). The slow depolarisation arises early on in development from between 17 and 20 hours post fertilisation to produce action potentials for the initiation of activity (Brustein et al.,…

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot in 1869 discovered Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (The ALS Association, 2015). ALS is more commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig’s disease after Lou Gehrig, a great American baseball player whose career unfortunately ended abruptly due to this incurable degenerative disease. ALS is the deterioration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord that leads to muscle weakness. This significant decrease in muscle strength eventually…

The human body is a unique formation that represents how every component, whether it’s a chemical, cell, or organ all have an important role to have a healthy physiological and anatomical system. Dividing into which part of the body they control most, they create the organ systems that are the nervous, respiratory, articulatory, digestive, endocrine, and the cardiovascular system. The neurological, or the nervous, system is our control system that regulates impulses, chemicals, and commands to…

Neurological Factors Affecting Movement Voluntary human movement is regulated and controlled by complex interactions within our central and peripheral nervous systems. The three major types of sensory input come from the visual (eyes), vestibular (inner ear), and somatic (body) sensory systems. The somatic sensory receptors found in muscles, tendons, ligaments, joint capsules, and skin are collectively known as proprioceptors and they gather information about body position and the direction and…

Hormones operate using a type of mechanism. Releasing these hormones can trigger actions in particular target cells. One receptor on the cell membrane binds to one type of hormone. The binding hormones change the shape of the receptor, which causes the response to the hormone. Through the process of steroid hormone action, the hormone goes through a certain process of two steps. The hormone binds to receptors on the nuclear membrane once it is inside the cell that produces an…

Music is a part of our everyday lives. We listen to music to focus or feel energized when we work, exercise, and go to lively events. In other cases, we use music to relax or clear our minds. In each situation, we are pacing ourselves with the tempo of the songs that we are listening to. Music actually has underlying effects on our bodies that we are not conscious of. When listening to music, the autonomic nervous system and respiratory system are affected. As we receive auditory information…

If muscle membrane potentials vary as a function of ionic composition of the extracellular solution, changes in [K+]o should alter VM values. Moreover, EK, given by the Nernst equation, should accurately predict changing VM values. As extracellular potassium concentration is systematically increased, membrane voltage should be rendered more positive (less negative). Indeed, if [K+]i is 140 mM (according to Bernstein’s model), extracellular [K+] much smaller than 140 mM (e.g., 5.4 mM, 10 mM)…

As with the male counterpart, the ovaries are derived from the genital ridge later descending to their final position in the pelvis. In adults, the ovaries have an ovoid shape and are usually 3-5cm long. They are a layered structure with an outer layer germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, cortex and medulla that is innermost (fig. 1). Although now challenged by recent discoveries (1), the germinal epithelium; a continuation of the peritoneum, is inaptly named due the mistaken belief that germ…