Acetylcholine

There are many types of artificial sweeteners on the market found in numerous low calorie foods or diet drinks. Unlike sugar, these artificial sweeteners have no actual caloric value, and don't affect blood glucose levels as much for diabetics as regular sugar would. Artificial sweeteners are man-made, sometimes derived from sugars occurring naturally in nature. Splenda, a commonly used brand, is made of the artificial sugar sucralose while equal is made of the artificial sugar aspartame. These…

Cosmetic Use of Botulinum Toxin Type A Introduction Botulinum toxin was first identified as a cause of food poisoning over 100 years ago (Carruthers and Carruthers, 2009). Since then, there has been an identification of seven different serotypes labeled A-G; all produced by different strains of the bacteria Clostridium botulinum (Hurkadle et al., 2012). Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) is the main and most well-studied serotype that is used in cosmetic (Hurkadle et al., 2012). The BTX-A can be…

Lomotil is a prescription drug that is often used to treat acute diarrhea. It is a combination of two different drugs: Diphenoxylate and Atropine. Diphenoxylate works by disrupting the flow of the intestinal bowels, thus preventing and eliminating frequent bowel movements. However, since Diphenoxylate has narcotic properties, taking it in large doses can lead to a sense of euphoria. This can cause the drug to be misused and abused, or sold as an illicit street dug. In order to prevent this issue…

There are chemicals and aeon’s for almost everything. In light of chemicals and time intervals, the human sleep cycle, uses both biochemistry and aeon’s to conduct its business. Exclusive to somonogly, or the study of sleep, along with biochemistry it is engrossing by the fact everything occurs within a span of fifteen centimeters, comparatively it is the typical size of a pencil. The sleep cycle consists of five major sleep stages, the last one being the most intriguing called…

The patient (pt) in room 584 is an 84-year-old Caucasian woman who was transferred to Lynchburg General hospital on December 12, 2016 from Stonewall hospital in Lexington in order to receive pulmonary care. Though she was admitted for unspecified dementia without behavioral disturbances, she was originally hospitalized at Stonewall since September 21, 2016 for atrial fibrillation with a low ventricular response rate, and dyspnea. She has co-morbidities of Parkinson’s disease and Lewy body…

extracts, 2009) Nicotine is only one of more than 4,000 chemicals found in the smoke from tobacco products, although is the primary addictive component. It takes just 8 seconds for nicotine to hit the brain once inhaled. Nicotine binds onto the acetylcholine receptors that carry messages between brain cells (shown in the diagram below). When…

Muscle Cramps As a recent victim of severe muscle cramps, I decided to take up the matter as the topic of my extra credit project. Muscle cramps are muscle spasms elongated for indefinite periods of time. Muscles contract involuntarily and forcibly, resulting in mild to intense pain that can last anywhere from seconds to over fifteen minutes. Muscle cramps can appear distorted or feel firmer than its normal, relaxed state. Muscle cramps have the ability to affect any skeletal muscle, whether…

Nerve agents are chemicals which are used for warfare purposes in attempts to kill mass amounts of soldiers. This form of warfare has become so heartless, that even Adolf Hitler himself refrained from using them against the Allied Forces during the Second World War. Nerve agents are all based around phosphorus. In the 1930s, the very first nerve agent of the “G Series” was created. This is known as the “G-Series” due to the fact they were all originated in Germany. There are four types of nerve…

The digestion process begins when we bite into our food. We chew our food so that we can break it into smaller pieces, which make it simpler for the body to digest. The following four layers create the esophagus: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and tunica adventitia. Collectively, the mucosa and submucosa build elongated folds. During digestion, the esophageal lumen is occupied with the food and liquids we swallow. However, when we are not swallowing, the elongated folds work to close…

By preventing this breakdown, acetylcholine accumulates and continuously binds to both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors found throughout the body. Local effects occur with vapor exposure to the face with mild inhalation and include symptoms of miosis, lacrimation, salivation, rhinorrhea…