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458 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
How many people bitten/yr?

dogs vs cat bites

dog bite fatalities/yr
4.7 million people

80% dogs, 20% cats

18 dog bite fatalities/yr
Cost of animal bites/yr (medical and total)

cost of dog bite hospital visit
$165 million/yr medical, $254 million/yr total

$18,200
Who gets bitten the most?
Rural areas

higher in Mid-W and NE (more hospitalizations in NE)

male children 5-9yrs old (87% from dogs)

March-August

3-7pm

3/4 happen in home or private yard
Where do people get bitten?
Adults: hands and arms

Children: face, head, neck
What is the most common bacT isolate from animal bites?
Pasteurella multocida (dogs, and esp cats)
Factors predisposing to infection of animal bite
person over 50 yrs old

puncture wounds

wounds on hands vs face

inadequate initial cleaning, irrigation, debridement
What bacT from dog bites is the really serious one?

What are risk factors in the person bitten?
Capnocytophaga canimorsus (DF-2)

rare, but severe (can kill you)

immunosuppression, liver Dz, alcoholism, asplenia

if vet gets spleen removed, they have to find another job b/c of this bacT
How do you treat bite wounds?
1: Secure animal
2: cleans wound w/betadine soln (not scrub)
3: irrigation
4: debridement
5: suturing (controversial, can trap bacT)
6: prophylactic Abx (controversial)
7: Rabies PEP and tetanus booster
What dogs bite the most?
Intact males

Terriers, working, herding, non-sporting dogs

low-income neighborhoods (lack of knowledge, control, responsibility)

30%: roaming free, 48% roaming on home property, 22% restrained on home property
Bite prevention (general rules)
Females know more than males (mothers most)
1: evaluate environment and lifestyle
2: don't put dog w/aggressive Hx w/kids
3: spend time w/dog before getting it
4: be careful bringing dog into home w/kids (esp infants/toddler)
5: spay/neuter all dogs
6: never leave infants/young kids alone w/dog
7: properly socialize and train all dogs (give food back w/o growling, give submissive behavior)
8: seek help if dog seems aggressive
9: don't play aggressive games (wrestling, tug-of-war)
Bite prevention for kids (RUFUS)
1: be still like a tree (don't run from dog or scream)
2: don't approach strange dogs
3: if dog knocks you over, be still like a log (roll into a ball and lie still)
4: don't play w/dog unless adult is there
5: report stray dogs or dogs w/unusual behavior to an adult
6: avoid eye contact
7: don't disturb dog that is sleeping, eating, or caring for puppies
8: don't pet dog w/o letting it see and sniff you 1st
9: if bitten, tell adult immediately
What does RUFUS stand for?
Respect
Understanding
Friendly
Unfriendly
Stay still
What is rabies?

How do you kill it?
Rhabdovirus, Lyssavirus genus

all domestic animals and people are susceptible

disinfectants, drying
Describe the Rabies virus itself
Rhabdovirus--> bullet shaped

virus envelope w/spiky projections

helical ssRNA

genetic variants are host-adapted (MOST IMPT)
Determining which Rabies strain you have
use monoclonal antibodies

can have spillover (reservoir host gives it to different species--> incidental host)
Rabies in wildlife in the US
over 90% of US Rabies cases

In order of prevalence: raccoons, bats, skunks, foxes, others

Rarely possum (resistant) or rodent (usually eaten)

strains we have here: Raccoon +/- skunk
Why don't we know the real prevalence of Rabies?
1: animal not seen (b/c most are wildlife)
2: person doesn't suspect Rabies
3: animal not caught
4: animal not submitted to lab
5: bad specimen submitted to lab
6: False negative from lab
Why is Rabies in raccoons such a problem?
raccoons thrive in urban environment

aggressive and swift (2x increase in D and C rabies, increase in other rabid species)

more human exposures (PEP risk assessment), animal control calls
Bat rabies
in all 49 continental states (high in TX)

over 20 strains
Skunk rabies
TX, New England, midwest, and AZ
Fox rabies

Dog and cat rabes
East coast, AZ, CA

mostly New England
"Other" wildlife Rabies
Mostly groundhogs, bobcats, coyotes
Rabies in TN
Variants by prevalence: skunk and fox, canine (canine almost non-existent now but used to be highest)

Animals by prevalence: skunk, bat, raccoon
Rabies transmission
Usually bite

Possible: saliva contact w/abraded skin (but superficial abrasions heal enough in 1hr to prevent this), ingestion of rabid animal, organ transplant, aerosol

Most exposures don't result in Dz

if you have clinical signs--> fatal
Rabies pathogenesis
1: virus enters SQ/IM
2: replicates at site
3: moves to n. root gg.
4: replicates
5: spreads to CNS (clinical signs, vital n. centers infected)
6: centrifugal spread of virus to salivary glands and skin from CNS
7: secreted in saliva (contagious)
What is the "period of communicability?"
def: time during which rabid animal is shedding virus in saliva (capable of transmitting rabies to susceptible host)

Dog, cat, ferret:
-shed for 3d before CS
-death in 3-5d after CS
-so... 6-8d when they can transmit virus (hence, 10d quarantine)
Quarantine times for Rabies
Dog, cat, ferret that bites a person: 10 days
-vaccination status doesn't matter
-don't vaccinate for Rabies until quarantine is over (can confuse CS that you're watching for)

Dog, cat, ferret that bites another animal: vaccination status is impt

Dog, cat, ferret that is exposed to rabies: 45 days or 6 months
Incubation period for Rabies
def: time from infection (exposure) to onset of CS (Dz)

where we get the 45 day or 6 month quarantine if exposed

-Dog: 3-8wks
-Cat: 9-51d (avg 18d)
-Ferret: 10-41d
-People: 1.5-4mos
-can be over a year
Factors that affect the incubation period of rabies
-amt of inoculum
-nerve supply at site of wound
-distance to CNS
-host resistance
-strain of virus (raccoon to raccoon vs raccoon to dog)
Source of rabies infections
for humans: 75-80% bats, and domestic animals

for domestic animals: wildlife or bats
CS (phases) of Rabies infection in dog
2-3d: prodrome phase (non-Sp signs)
1-7d later: excitative ("furious") phase (want to bite you)
paralytic phase ("dumb" form)

Whole course of Dz is <10d long

CS are NOT diagnostic, could be a neuro Dz
CS (phases) of Rabies infection in cat
similar to dog

+erratic and bizarre behavior

Owners report vocalization early in Dz (change in pitch and freq)
CS of Rabies infection in cow
*posterior incoordination* (usually bitten on feet, usually skunk variant)

anorexia, repeated bellowing, recumbency, opisthotonus, pytalism, difficulty swallowing, running movements w/front legs
CS of Rabies infection in horse
similar to cow

*+muscle fasciculations around muzzle (81%)*
CS of Rabies infection in wildlife
Skunks and foxes: out during the day, not afraid

Raccoons: aggressive

Ferrets: ataxia, leg weakness, paresis, paralysis
How do you Dx Rabies?
in the past: ID of Negri bodies in neurons (10um, pink, round)

now:
-FA (fluorescent Ab) test of brain,
-mouse inoculation: backup for FA, takes 10-14d
-skin test
-PCR test (blood, tissue, CSF, saliva)
What is the FA test for Rabies?
GOLD STANDARD
-only test that can rule OUT rabies when people/animals exposed
-look at hippocampus, cerebullum, medulla (virus has to be in CNS before it is in saliva)
-98% Sn (occasional false neg)
-Looks like fluorescent glowy spots
What is the skin test for Rabies?
-live animal
-muzzle biopsy of "guard hair" follicle (rich blood and nerve supply)
-positive test is valid, but negative test CAN'T rule out rabies
Prevention and Tx
Humans: vaccinate, titers, PEP

Domestic animals: vaccinate, titers, PEP
Human vaccination for Rabies (pre, titer, PEP)
pre: three 1mL shots IM (days 0, 7, 21 or 28)

titer: every 2yrs after vaccination, good titer = complete neutralization of challenge virus at dilution of 1:5 (93-98% of people can neutralize if vaccinated); if not neutralized give one booster dose of vaccine

PEP for vaccinated people: good wound care + two 1mL shots IM (days 0, 3), don't give RIG (giving passive Ab might inhibit anamnestic response)

PEP for unvaccinated people: four 1mL shots IM of HDCV or PCECV (days 0, 3, 7, 14)

PEP for immunocompromised people: five 1mL shots IM + 1 dose RIG

Post-vaccination serology: 1-2wks after vaccination, should neutralize 1:5 dilution of challenge virus, use RFFIT to test (rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test)
Which states have mandatory rabies vaccination?
Not all of them!

Do have law: entire east coat, gulf of Mexico states, NE, most of west coast

don't have law: pacific northwest, northern middle states (plains)
Vaccinating animals
MLV (modified live vaccine)--> can use mAb to differentiate from rabies infection---> not in US

dogs and cats: inactivated vaccine

wildlife: oral recombinant vaccine
Dog/cat vaccination protocol
1st vaccination
-"protected" after 28d
-@3mos old

Booster vaccination:
-"protected" immediately
-1 yr after 1st shot, then q1 or 3yrs
--local gov't decides how often you need to give it
Ferret/horse vaccination protocol
same as dog/cat, except they have to get booster annually (regardless of rabies shot type)
PEP and vaccination failure protocol for domestic animals
they've tested and tested and tested, but there is NO EFFECTIVE PEP FOR ANIMALS!

shows promise: if we know exposure variant, you can TRY specific mAb in naive dogs if it's available
Vaccination of wildlife (administering, checking)
being tried out by USDA; not approved for use by vets

"vaccinating" in a line along east coast (including SE and NE TN) to stop raccoon strain from spreading westward; in TX for coyote strain

spread on the ground in baits by plane, vehicle, or people

to check efficacy, they trap raccoons along this line, take blood and tooth samples, test serum for ab, look for bad teeth (caused by ingesting tetracycline while teeth were forming)

effective for foxes, raccoons, coyotes

not effective for skunks (can't eat the bait very well)

70% vaccination status would stop spread westward (estimate >80% vaccinated in 3yrs)

Europe and S Ontario CA have greatly decreased fox rabies this way
ORV for wildlife (vaccine itself)
oral recombinant vaccine in bait (ORV: oral rabies vaccine) (bait also contains tetracycline as a tooth indicator)

vacc. mech: gene for immunogenic glycoprotein from rabies virus was inserted into vaccinia virus (V-RG vaccine)
What constitutes a typical "exposure to rabies?"
exposure to rabies: (need all 3)
-bite or saliva contact with:
-MM or break in skin from:
-known or suspected rabid animal
What constitutes a "suspected rabid animal?"
suspect rabid animal: (need all 3)
-any domestic or wild mammal (inc bats),
-in rabies endemic area, that:
-have bitten a human or domestic animal
What are less common "exposures to rabies?"
contact w/
-MOIST tissues from
-DEAD, KNOWN, or SUSPECTED rabid animal to a
-MM or break in the skin
Handling the rabies vaccine (shots and baits)
shots: no danger from needle sticks (vaccine is inactivated)

baits: exposure to ORV is reportable

vaccinia infection--> one case of a human infection after being exposed to ORV (w/break in skin), then taking immunosuppressive meds
Summary of protocols for domestic animals exposed to rabies
current on vaccines:
-immediate booster
-observation 45d

not vaccinated:
-euthanasia OR
-6mos isolation + vaccinate immediately or 1mo before release
Summary of protocols for domestic animal that bites a person
if healthy and available:
-quarantine 10d, then release to owner

if signs develop:
-euthanize and test

if vaccination is needed, wait til end of quarantine period
Veterinarian ethical responsibilities concerning rabies exposures
-tell client to go to the doctor or health dept, record that you gave this advice
-report exposure to the health dept
-know where you have to quarantine animals by law (health dept enforces quarantine)
-physician/health dept: determine need for rabies Tx in people, can order euthanasia of animal (even against owners wishes)
-handle rabies specimens properly
-prevent exposure to self and staff
-ask about bites in past 10d for animals presented to be euthanized (put check box on form for documentation)
Prep and shipping of rabies samples
-Tx of potentially exposed people may be delayed while they wait on lab report
-deliver specimen to rabies lab w/in 48 hrs
-specimen: fresh, unfixed brain (don't freeze, no formalin)
-smaller than squirrel = send whole animal
-bigger than squirrel = just send head (don't try to remove the brain)
-package properly to prevent contamination
What do you need to know to assess the risk of rabies transmission?
1: is rabies enzootic for terrestrial mammals in the area? (if not, it's probably not rabies)
2: to what species was the animal person exposed? (if it was a possum, probably not rabies)
3: how did suspect animal behave? (was it rabies vs neuro Dz vs orthopedic Dz)
4: what were the circumstances of the exposure? (if you provoked the animal, it might not really count as "acting aggressive")
5: suspect animal's Hx: fight/wound, vacc status
6: where is suspect animal kept? (if indoors 24/7, probably not rabies)
7: how was person exposed? (bite vs saliva on skin, deep vs superficial wound)
What made us need Federal Meat Inspection?
1: food chain (from farmer to consumer) got so long that consumers didn't know where their meat was coming from (couldn't asses sanitation, wholesomeness, freedom from adultery)
2: Teddy's Roosevelt
3: Upton Sinclair
*4: Export Restrictions*
5: Bureau of Animal Industry
Who is Upton Sinclair
Wrote "The Jungle"

the book described filthy conditions of meat industry in US "I aimed at the public's heart and by accident I hit it in the stomach"
Teddy's Roosevelt and Meat Inspection
During Spanish American War (1898)

Teddy Roosevelt's Rough Riders saw "embalmed beef" cause more casualties to Americans than the war (>1000)

"would rather eat my old hat than the canned food shipped to his troops in Cuba under gov't contract"
Export Restrictions and Meat Inspection
Very Impt!

trichinosis, tuberculosis, and contagious pleuropneumonia in US livestock + bad sanitation = foreign countries imposed restrictions on US meat (major economic hardship)
Bureau of Animal Industry and Meat Inspections
later became the USDA

BAI and committee appointed by Teddy Roosevelt verified Upton Sinclair's accusations

encouraged Teddy Roosevelt to pass federal laws requiring meat inspection
Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1907
6/30/1906: Teddy Roosevelt signed it
-applied to meat sold across state lines or exported
-affected 163 slaughtering plants
Wholesome Meat Act (WMA) of 1967
-tried to close loopholes of Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1907

-all meat in US had to be inspected
-each state had 2yrs to make an inspection program equal to federal program or feds would do it for them
-more inspection of imported meat
Changes to imported meats b/c of Wholesome Meat Act (WMA) of 1967
1: only meat and poultry from countries that inspect it
2: products have to meet US standards and include name of country of origin
3: exporting country has to agree to let us inspect it
4: foreign products are statistically sample at US port of entry
What is imported meat?
41 countries send us meat

84% fresh, red meat
14% processed meat and poultry (ready to eat)
2% fresh poultry

4 countries provide 87% of it
-Canada 46%
-Australia 21%
-New Zealand 12%
-Uruguay 8%

No country w/endemic F&M Dz can send uncooked meat to US
Curtis Amendment to the WMA of 1967
custom plants
-slaughter animals for owners to eat
-meat must be stamped "not for sale"

all retail meat must come from inspected carcasses
Since the WMA was passed...
-26 states (inc TN) relinquished intrastate meat/poultry inspection to feds

*-6,500 establishments are federally inspected* (2,550 are state inspected)

-largest employer of veterinarians (~1000, 1/8 of inspectors are vets)
Wholesome Poultry Products Act of 1968
parallel law to WMA of 1967

-can raise up to 1000 birds/yr and sell for human consumption w/o inspection if sold directly to consumer

-small slaughter plants can slaughter 20,000 birds/yr w/o carcass inspection
Exception to Wholesome Poultry Products Act of 1968
Farm slaughter

-carcasses or edible by-products of animals killed on farm w/o inspection CANNOT be sold of traded (must be eaten by farmer, farmer's family, or non-paying guests)
The history of "humane slaughter"
before 1958: cows were only species knocked unconscious w/knocking hammer ("polax")
Humane Slaughter Act of 1958
-1st humane slaughter law

-was voluntary unless meat packers sold to federal gov't

-livestock must be insensible to pain by a blow, gunshot, or electrical or chemical means that is rapid and effective before shackling, hoisting, casting, or cutting

-handling assoc w/slaughter must be humane

-can only import meat from animals slaughtered humanely

-exception: poultry and ritual slaughter assoc w/religious faith (Kosher slaughtering w/Jews and Muslims)

-if inhumane Tx is seen, inspector tells establishment operative and regulatory control action is applied (non-compliance record, US Reject tag, withholding action/suspension... depends on severity of harm)
Inhumane treatment b/c of equipment or facility problems
-inspector attaches US Reject tag to defective facility or equipment

-can't be removed until circumstances are approved by inspector
inhumane treatment b/c of employee actions in handling/driving livestock
-inspector attaches US Reject tag to alleyway leading to stunning area
inhumane treatment b/c of improper stunning
-inspector attaches US Reject tag to stunning area
Methods of humane stunning
-captive bolt (non-penetrating mushroom head or penetrating type)

-gunshot

-CO2 (asphyxiatin, approved 1994 for pigs, prevents "blood splashing")

-electrical stunning (causes "blood splashing")
Electrical slaughter
-higher voltage than for stunning

-instant cardiac arrest

-approved in 1985

-stops "blood splashing assoc w/electrical stunning
Methods of humane slaughter
-electrical slaughter

-Kosher slaughter (Jewish or Muslim)
What makes the Tx "humane?"
1: provide measures for inclement weather
2: truck unloading
3: water and feed available
4: handling during antemortem inspection
5: handling of suspect/disabled animals
6: electric prod/alternative object use during handling
7: watch for slips and falls
8: effectiveness of stunning
9: check for conscious animals on the rail
Purposes of label control program (4)
1: require informative labeling

2: prohibit use of false or misleading labeling

3: prevent adulteration of product

4: prevent unfair trade practices
What is FSIS?
Food Safety and Inspection Service

Inspect products that contain 3% raw or 2% cooked meat
Things that HAVE to be on the label
1: name of produce
2: ingredient statement
3: identity of manufacturer
4: net weight or quantity (usually oz)
5: inspection legend
6: warning statement
Bacon!
Bacon is the "name of produce"
-def: cured belly of a swine carcass
-rectus abdominus mm.
-certified = treated for trichinae
Hamburger!
Hamburger is the "free-standing term in the standards of composition"
-a category of ground beef ("name of produce")
-has additional standards to "ground beef"
-def: chopped fresh and/or frozen beef
+/- more beef fat
+/- seasoning
can't go over 30% fat
can't add water, phosphates, binders, or extenders
Ground beef!
Ground beef is the "name of produce"
-def: beef of skeletal origin, or from diaphragm or esophagus (weasand)
-may not have added fat
-max fat: 30%
-up to 25% cheek meat allowed (then you'd have to include cheek meat on the label)

-cannot contain: heart, tongue
Hot dogs!
not the "name of produce"

-in category of "cooked sausages and/or smoked sausages"
Cooked sausages and/or smoked sausages
that's the "name of produce"
-chopped or ground
-seasoned, cooked, and/or smoked
-some added water, but no more than 10% of finished product
-can use meat byproducts
-curing: chemical (salt or sugar), smoke or heat
(for wieners, polish sausage, Cotto salami, liver sausage, cooked weisswurts)
-wieners, bologna, knockwurst are further distinguished by fat and moisture limitations
Meat byproducts
-must be individually declared by species

-must be specific in name of ingredients statement (ex: pork liver, beef tripe, beef fat)
What is the "name of produce?"
each "name of produce" represents product for which there is a standard of composition
What is an "ingredient statement?"
-required on most products

-lists various ingredients in descending order of predominance

ex: chicken noodle soup, pork and beans
What is in the "identity of the manufacturer," and why do we care?
-firm's name, address, and zip code of manufacturer or distributor

-very useful if you need to institute a food recall
What is an "inspection legend?"
-has establishment # and statement

-indicates that product was inspected and passed for human food
What is a "warning statement" on a food label?"
-ex: Keep Refrigerated

-if product has to be kept frozen or refrigerated to protects its wholesomeness
What do BHA and BHT?
BHA: butylated hydroxyanisole
BHT: butylated hyroxytoluene

-anti-oxidants added to food to prevent fats from becoming rancid

-permitted in spice mixtures at 0.02% of the essential oil content w/o declaration on meat or poultry food product labels

-permitted in cooked fresh sausages and fresh sausage-like products
What are "natural flavors/ flavor/flavorings?"
-ginger, black pepper, onion powder, garlic powder, celery powder, garlic oil

-may be listed individually or as "natural flavors"

-don't contribute to nutrition

-not derived from animals

-no health concerns linked to them
What does it mean when I see "chemical free" on a label?
YOU WON'T!!!

this term is not allowed to be used on a label
What does "free range" or "free roaming" mean?
producer must prove to FSIS that poultry have been allowed access to the outside
What do "Halal" and "Zabiah Halal" mean?
-food must be handled according to Islamic law and under Islamic authority

-printed on label

-produced prepared by federally inspected meat packing plants
What does "kosher" really mean?
-can only be used on labels of meat and poultry products prepared under the supervision of a Rabbi

-Jewish
What is Meat (as derived by cool meat machine)?
definition amended in 1994 to include more stuff:
-"meat" products derived from advanced meat/bone separation machinery
-comparable in appearance, texture, and composition to meat trimmings
-includes similar meat products derived by hand

Machine can't grind/crush/pulverize bones to remove edible meat tissue

Bones have to emerge essentially intact

Meat produced has ot be <150mg Ca/100g product
When can you call your food "natural?"
-no artificial ingredients or added color

-minimally processed (a process which doesn't fundamentally alter the raw product)

-label must explain use of the term natural (ex: no added color or artificial ingredients, minimally processed)
When can you put "no hormones" on the label for pork or poultry?
NEVER!!!

hormones aren't allowed for pigs or poultry anyways!

the only way you can put it on there is if you follow it with "federal regulations prohibit the use of hormones"
When can you put "no hormones" on the label for beef?
-if producer gives USDA sufficient documentation showing that no hormones were used in raising the animals
When can you put "no antibiotics" on the label for red meat and poultry?
you can say "no antibiotics added"

-if producer gives USDA sufficient documentation showing that animals were raised w/o Abx
When can you put "organic" on the label?
-controlled by National Organic Program

-administered by Agricultural Marketing Service of USDA
What happens to tissue that is marked "condemned" or "inedible?"
-unfit for human consumption

1: placed in barrel or bin with YELLOW markings and lettering
2: denaturant/decharacterizing agent is added by inspector to cause ORGANOLEPTIC change (color/odor/feel/taste, usually powdered charcoal or dye)
3: stamps on tissues and/or packaging
Methods of decharacterizing condemned and inedible products
1: denaturants
2: hashers
3: rendering
4: incineration
What is a Hasher?
-grinds together bones, meat, blood vessels, fat

-ground material doesn't look edible

-done in a segregated area from edible product processing
What is Rendering?
-def: recycling animal byproducts

cook the products in a steam-jacketed tank under pressure--> fat cells break down--> fat product and other rendering products used in rations for animals

inedible offal (viscera, trimmings), bones and condemned carcasses and parts are converted to inedible grease --> used for industrial purposes

meat meal--> tankage

blood is dried and processed --> blood meal (98% protein)
What is Tankage?
-def: meat meal

-comes from rendering process

-used as a protein supplement for animal feed and N content of fertilizer
What is Incineration?
-duh

-rarely used, but acceptable method of disposing of condemned or inedible products

-cons: cost of construction, energy costs, air pollution regulations
What are the 3 zoonotic tick-borne diseases?
Lyme Borreliosis

Rocky Mountain Spotted fever

Ehrlichiosis
Ixodes (hard tick) life cycle
Spring: egg -->

Summer: larvae on bird/rodent -->

Spring #2: nymph on mammal (us) -->

Fall: Adult on mammal (us)
How do ticks "find" their hosts?
active: "questing" behavior (get on tall grass and wave their little arms around)

passive: just get snagged

stimulus for tick attachment: CO2, movement,
What makes tick stay on?
Barbed chelicerae gets buried in the skin for attachment and feeding
Proper removal of a tick
grab as close to skin as possible w/tweezers and pull slowly and steadily
How long does a tick have to stay on for you to get a disease?
RMSF (rocky mt spotted fever) and HME (ehrlichia) --> fast transfer!

Lyme--> slow transfer (takes over 48 hrs)
Which ticks spread Ehrlichia?
Lone Star tick (Amblyomma americanum)
What bacT do Lone Star ticks spread?
Ehrlichia chaffeensis (HME)

Ehrlichia ewingii (EWE)

Borrelia lonestari (no Dz)

Rickettsia amblyommi (no Dz)
Which ticks spread RMSF?
American dog tick aka wood tick
Dermacentor variabilis)
What bacT do American dog ticks spread?
Rickettsia rickettsia (RMSF)
Which tick spreads R. parkeri rickettsiosis Dz?
Gulf coast tick (Amblyomma maculatum)
What bacT do Gulf coast ticks spread?
Rickettsia parkeri (causes R. parkeri rickettsiosis Dz)
Which tick spreads Lyme Dz?
Black-legged tick aka deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)
Which tick spreads Anaplasmosis?
Black-legged tick aka deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)
Which tick spreads Babesiosis?
Black-legged tick aka deer tick (Ixodes scapuilaris)
What bacT does the Black-legged tick (deer tick, Ixodes scapularis) spread?
Borrelia burgdoferi (Lyme Dz)

Borrelia miyamotoi (no Dz)

Analplasma phagocyctophilum (Anaplasmosis)

Babesia microti (Babesiosis)
What bacT causes Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME)?
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
What bacT causes EWE (other kind of human ehrlichiosis)?
Ehrlichia ewingii
What bacT causes RMSF?
Rickettsia rickettsia
What bacT causes the "other kind" of rickettsia in people?
Rickettsia parkeri
What bacT causes Lyme Dz?
Borrelia burgdorferi
What bacT causes Anaplasmosis?
Anaplasma phagocyctophilum
What bacT causes Babesiosis?
Babesia microti
Which zoonotic tick-borne Dz is the most common?
60% --> RMSF

25% --> Ehrlichiosis

15% --> Lyme Dz
CS of Lyme Dz in people
Bulls-eye rash on skin (erythema migrans d/t borrelia migrating)
flu-like symptoms (fever, headache, muscle, joint pain)
polyarthritis
+/- early and late disseminated symptoms

-incubation period: 2-5 months in dogs
Borrelia burgdoferi details
-causes Lyme Dz

-gram negative spriochete

- outer surface protein (Osp)
Lyme Dz transmission
ways you can get it:

-mainly by Ixodes scapularis (Black-legged tick)
-can be by Ixodes pacificus (western black-legged tick)
-transplacental or transmammary (rare)

-can't get Lyme Dz from a blood transfusion!
Osp of Borrelia burgdorferi
Outer surface protein on the bacT

-transferred from tick to mammal host

-tick feeding on new host triggers change in Osp expression

-OspA helps Borrelia stick to tick's gut where it multiplies
Pathogenesis of Lyme Dz in dog/human
1: tick attaches to dog/human
2: decrease in OspA (helps bacT break free from tick gut)
3: increase in OspC (helps Borrelia move towards salivary gland of tick)
4: after 48hrs of attachment, spirochetes enter dog/human
5: spreads by tissue migration thru collagen and CT (causes rash w/in 1st month)
6: targets joints, kidneys, heart
7: changes shape/surface proteins to avoid immune clearance and remain persistent

Impt point: if you can get the tick off before it has been attached for 2 days, you probably won't get Lyme Dz!
Should I worry about Lyme Dz in TN? Why or why not?
NO! any cases we've seen have been when people caught it somewhere else (like on vacation)

TN DOES have Ixodes scapularis (Black-legged ticks), but they DON'T carry Borrelia Burgdoferi
Where are "hot spots" for Lyme Dz?
New England, Great Lakes area, west coast of California
What are risk factors for Lyme Dz?
>50% onset of illness in June-July

living/vacationing in an endemic area

walking thru dense vegetation or along edge of forest

occupational exposure
Who gets Lyme Dz (humans and dogs)?
Humans
-males 5-19yrs old (playing outside)
-males over 30yrs old (working outside)

Dogs:
-outdoor dogs exposed to ticks
-not on tick prevention
-usually infected as a young adult
-no breed predisposition
CS of Lyme Dz in dogs
only 5-10% of dogs show CS

*shifting leg lameness in carpus/tarsus* (can wax and wane)

fever, anorexia
regional lymphadenopathy

infection is usually self-limiting w/in a few weeks, but serious complications can happen (CNS, ophtho, or heart Dz)
What is Canine "Lyme Nephritis?"
Rapidly progressive, often fatal, immune-mediated Dz

-Labs, Goldens, Shelties

-avg age: 5.6yrs old
-CS: anorexia, vomiting, lethargy, PUPD, hypertension

-kidney stuff: glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, tubular necrosis
How do you Dx Lyme Dz in a human?
Serology:
-IgM is high w/in 2-3wks
-IgG is high w/in 4-6wks (peaks at 6-8wks and can stay high for mos-yrs, but can't interpret past the 4-6wk time period)

IFA and EIA (enzyme immunoassay):
-high Sn, low Sp

Western Blot
-confirmation test for all positive or questionable IFA/EIA results
-increases Sp of diagnosis

CDC recommends 2-step testing
How do you Dx Lyme Dz in a dog?
Serology:
-IgG:high when you see CS
-IFA: can get false+ from vaccination
-Western Blot: only positive w/true infections! (vaccination doesn't matter), $$$

4Dx SNAP test (IDEXX):
-antibodies to recombinant C6 peptide antigen (only true infection b/c this peptide is a Lyme Osp)
-qualitative results

PCR on blood, tissue

BW and U/A (look for Lyme nephritis)
The SNAP 4Dx test
Good for finding multiple infections

Looks for: HW, Anaplasma (top left dot), Lyme, Ehrlichia

Middle dot: positive control
Interpreting your Lyme Dx tests
if you have high Ab titers:
-doesn't mean you currently have an infection (titers can stay high for years)

Summary: if you don't have CS consistent w/Lyme Dz, don't test; if you have a positive titer but no CS, don't treat
Tx of Lyme Dz in humans
rash will resolve w/o Tx

Doxycycline to prevent systemic Dz

Treat people who have "bulls-eye" rash

PEP: single dose of doxy wi/in 72hrs of tick bite --> 72% effective in preventing rash
Is there a Lyme vaccine?
YES for dogs (several), NO for humans

they target different Osp

goal: lower infection rate, milder Dz

used in endemic areas (don't use in all areas b/c of high rate of vaccine rxns)

vaccinate before exposure + booster annually

don't Tx dogs that don't have CS
What is STARI?
Southern tick-associated rash illness

spread by Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)

CS: bulls-eye rash like Lyme Dz, fatigue, fever, muscle/joint aches

no true arthritis, no CNS signs, not chronic

responds to Abx

less severe than Lyme Dz
CS of RMSF in people
-starts w/fever
-2-5 days later: -rash--> petechiae all over your body (85-90%)
-after 1wk: myalgia, headache, fatigue

Complications: severe vasculitis, septic chock, SARDS, renal failure, GI hemorrhage, thrombotic stroke, meningitis
Rickettsia rickettsii bacT
-causes RMSF via Dermacentor variabilis (mainly, American dog tick), Dermacentor andersoni (western US)

-gram negative, intracellular
Transmission of Rickettsia rickettsii
Tick to tick (American dog tick):
-transstadial and transovarian

rodent reservoir

Tick to dog/human:
-tick bite
-ingestion of tick
-contamination of wound w/tick feces or fluids
Where is RMSF the most common?
not actually in the Rocky Mts.

all around TN! (mid-east coast into great plains)

highest in North Carolina
Who gets RMSF?
Humans:
-spring/summer
-male Caucasian children
-<15 yrs old (66%)

Dogs:
-outdoor dogs
-males <3yrs old (hunting dogs)
-higher incidence in GSD and Springers w/PFK (phosphofructokinase) deficiency
Pathogenesis of RMSF
1: tick bites dog/human
2: tick saliva contains anticoagulant that increases blood flow
3: R. rickettsii invades endothelial cells and makes them rupture
4: diffuse vasculopathy, perivascular inflammation, microvascular thrombosis, edema
Human risk factors for RMSF
male

alcoholism

old people

non-caucasian (can't see petechiae as early)
CS of RMSF in dogs
fever, lethargy, anorexia (weight loss)

petechiae (1st sign, but harder to see b/c of fur)

ocular changes (retinal hemorrhages, anterior uveitis)
Dx of RMSF
most: IFA Serology
-IgM and IgG antibodies (Abx can mess it up)

CBC, chem, U/A: low TP, thrombocytopenia

if CS already there, can test CSF
Tx of RMSF
Abx: doxycycline (can also use enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol)
-can make Dx harder

supportive care
-caution w/fluids (vasculitis)
-immunosuppression
Transmission of Ehrlichiosis
Lonestar tick (Amblyomma americanum)

Ehrlichia chaffeensis andEhrlichia ewingii
Ehrlichia in TN
highest rate in the US, but still only 4 cases/yr
Ways to reduce risk of getting a tick-borne Dz
decrease ticks in environment -make "barrier" b/w yard and woods
-mow grass short
-remove dead brush and branches
-repellent for yard

tick prevention on dogs
-oral tablets, topical soln, medicated collar, shampoos, dips
-need good compliance for consistent protection!

proper clothing on people
-long pants, tucked in
-avoid thick grass, leaf piles
-stay in middle of path/trail
-repellent (DEET 20-35% adult, 6-10% kids, pyrethrins)

check dogs for ticks q6hrs or more

educate staff and clients, keep MDs and public health authorities in the loop (this is NOTIFIABLE in people, but not animals!)

screen dog blood donors w/IFA/ELISA serology
-E. canis, Babesia, Leishmania
+/- E. ewingii, Anaplasma, Bartonella
(don't have to screen for RMSF or Lyme)
What is Cat Scratch Fever?
Bartonellosis
Which zoonotic Dz cause endocarditis?
Bartonellosis, psittacosis, lyme
What organism causes Cat Scratch Fever?
Bartonella spp. (at least 19 species)
Bartonella spp.
causes Cat Scratch Fever

gram negative intracellular bacteria

B. henselae lives in RBCs and endothelial cells
Vectors of Bartonellosis
sand fly, body louse, oriental rat flea, rodent fleas, cat fleas, ticks?, unknown
Primary reservoirs of Bartonellosis
canids, felids, rodents, rabbits, raccoons, ruminants, reptiles, cetaceans
Accidental hosts of Bartonellosis
cat, dog, monkey, people
Which of the many Bartonella spp most commonly infect cats?

which one is the most common cause Cat Scratch Fever?
B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae, B. koehlerae, B. quintana

most common cause of Cat Scratch Fever: Bartonella henselae
CS of Bartonellosis in cats
chronic infection and relapsing bacteremia

can be asymptomatic
Which of the many Bartonella spp most commonly infect canids?
B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae, B. elizabethae, B. vinsonii (berkhoffii)

B. vinsonii recently isolated from human blood samples too, assoc w/arthropod contact
Which of the many Bartonella spp most commonly infect ruminants?
B. bovis: cows, elk, mule deer, other ruminants

B. chomelii: cows

B. schoenbuchensis and B. capreoli: wild roe deer
Do rodents get Bartonella?
YES! 26% prevalence
What species gets sick with Bartonellosis?
the accidental host

the natural host is usually asymptomatic
Historical Cat Scratch Fever
French scientists tested dental pulp of cats in 13th century and found B. henselae

1931: 1st described in people

1983: bacT cause found

1992: 1st described in cats

1994: 1st described in dogs
Who sings Cat Scratch Fever?
Ted Nugent
Transmission of Cat Scratch Fever to a cat
most common: a cat scratch... yeah...

others: cat/dog bite, arthropod vector

not transmitted via: gestation, milk, breeding
Arthropod vectors and the sp of Bartonella they carry
Main one: cat fleas (B. henselae)

biting flies (B. henselae, B. bovis)

lice (B. quintana)

sand flies (B. bacilliformis)

ticks (Rhipicephalus, Ixodes, Amblyomma, Dermacentor)
Life cycle of Bartonella on a cat
1: flea ingests Bartonella from cat blood

2: Bartonella amplified in flea hindgut

3: Bartonella excreted in flea feces for 9 days

4: flea lands on new cat

5: flea bites new cat

6: Bartonella infects the flea bite wound from flea feces

7: cat becomes bacteremic and can infect more fleas
Transmission of Cat Scratch Fever to a human
1: bacteremic cat (infected by flea poop) scratches or bites the human

2: infected cat blood or infected flea feces in claws gets into wound

3: Bartonella now in human
Transmission of Cat Scratch Fever to dogs
Arthropod vector
Where does Cat Scratch Fever occur?
worldwide! (everywhere there are cats)
How common is Cat Scratch Fever in the US?
pretty common in kids and adults

22,000 cases/yr

9.3 cases/100,000 people/yr

the younger the kid is, the more likely they will end up in the hospital

3.6-6% of people are serology positive for B. henselae
Who gets Cat Scratch Fever (people)?
... people who are more likely to get scratched by cats...

higher in Italian children, Japanese vets, US vets, vet assistants

higher in kids (5-15)
How many cats and dogs have Bartonella?
40% of cats (most under 2yrs old)

10.1% of healthy dogs

27.2% of sick dogs

B. vinsonii: 28-35% coyotes
Risk factors for a human getting Cat Scratch Fever?
cat scratches

ownerships of young cats

tick exposure
risk factors for a cat getting Cat Scratch Fever?
-flea infestation

-warm climates w/high precipitation

-going outdoors

-exposure to other cats
Risk factors for Cat Scratch Fever in a dog
-flea and tick infestation
-exposure to cattle (working dogs outside, more parasites)
-rural areas
-roaming
-herding breeds
-multi-dog households
-higher precipitation
-southern CA, close to coast
When do you see Cat Scratch Fever?
July-January (flea/tick season)
-by late summer and fall, kittens are becoming juvenile
-more activity and rough play w/kids
How serious is Cat Scratch Fever in humans?
-usually self-limiting and mild (no Abx given)

-can be subclinical

-25% get systemic signs

-more persistent, severe Dz if immunocompromised

-common to have co-infections with other tick-born Dz (humans and dogs)
CS of "Classic" Cat Scratch Fever in humans
mostly immunocompetent people

cat scratch/bite--> papule--> pustule (14days)

-fever, malaise
-regional lymphadenopathy (after wks, can abscess)
-self-limiting

doesn't respond to Abx
What are some atypical CS of Cat Scratch Fever in humans?
5-25% (more in immunosuppressed)

-splenomegaly
-weight loss
-myalgia/arthralgia/osteomyelitis
-hemolytic anemia
-endocarditis of aortic valve (humans and dogs)
-conjunctivitis/neuroretinitis
-encephalitis
-pneumonia
-glomerulonephritis
-sudden death
What are the CS of Cat Scratch Fever in immunosuppressed humans?
-prolonged fever
-relapsing bacteremia
-bacillary angiomatosis (proliferative vascular lesions on skin and organs)
-peliosis hepatitis (dilation of sinuses in liver)

-severe infections seen in patients w/HIV and organ transplants
What are the CS of Cat Scratch Fever in dogs?
(can be subclinical)
-perisistent/intermittent fever
-gradual weight loss
-shifting leg lameness
-lymphadenitis
-endocarditis, myocarditis
-immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
-immune-mediate thrombocytopenia
What are some atypical CS of Cat Scratch Fever in a dog?
-vasculitis
-uveitis
-meningoencephalitis
-granulomatous rhinitis
-peliosis hepatitis
-granulomatous hepatitis
Endocarditis caused by Bartonella in dogs
-middle aged or older
-large breed dogs
-aortic valve
-slow form: lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, resp distress, syncope
-acute left-sided heart failure
What are the CS of Cat Scratch Fever in a cat?
-most are subclinical or mild infections
-systemic Dz is rare
-fever
-anorexia
-lethargy
-neuro signs
-peripheral lymphadenomegaly
-splenic hyperplasia
-osteomyelitis (proliferative)
What are some atypical CS of Cat Scratch Fever in a cat?
-endocarditis
-others not proven
Dz progression in a cat with Cat Scratch Fever
bacteremic for weeks-months (can be >1yr)

relapsing, chronic
How do you Dx Cat Scratch Fever in a human?
Hx of contact w/cat

Serology: IgG or IgM via IFA/EIA

Culture on special media (Bartonella alpha Proteobacteria growth media)

PCR
How do you Dx Cat Scratch Fever in a dog?
Serology (IFA) + CS

Culture: not very good, most will not grow b/c there aren't enough bacT in system

PCR: always do this after IFA to confirm and speciate
How do you Dx Cat Scratch Fever in a cat?
Serology (IFA): not very good, b/c so many cats have been exposed

Culture: GOLD STANDARD
-more reliable in cat
-can be negative d/t cyclic bacteremia

PCR: to confirm and speciate
For Cat Scratch Fever in a cat, what 4 things do you need for a presumptive Dx (not definitive)?
1: CS consistent w/Bartonellosis

2: excluded other causes

3: positive culture +/- PCR

4: Response to Abx
How do you Tx Cat Scratch Fever in a cat?
Most cats: don't give them anything

Abx for cats that test positive + CS (for 4-6wks)
-azithromycin
-doxycycline
-fluoroquinolone
How do you Tx Cat Scratch Fever ina dog?
You're really treating the endocarditis

Abx for 4-6wks (1 month after resolution of vegetative lesion) + supportive care

BUT.... Abx don't get into valve very well, poor prognosis
How do you prevent Cat Scratch Fever for a normal person?
flea/tick prevention
good hygiene around all pets
prevent cat scratches and bites
-avoid aggressive play w/young cats
-keep claws trimmed or dull
-clean any wounds w/soap and water
-don't let cats lick open wounds
talk to your doctor if you're worried
How do you prevent Cat Scratch Fever in a immunocompromised person?
recommend adult cats, not kittens
emphasize hygiene and gentle play
consider Tx positive asymptomatic cats w/azithromycin to decrease risk
What is an Arbovirus?
any virus that is biologically transmitted by an arthropod
Pathogenesis of Arboviruses
1: arthropod feeds on infected animal

2: virus amplified in gut of arthropod

3: virus transferred to next host during feeding
What are the common vectors of Arboviruses?
mosquitoes

sand flies

ticks
What are the reservoirs of Arboviruses?
mammals

birds

reptiles

amphibians? fish?
What are the Arboviruses that we care about?
-West Nile virus
-St. Louis Encephalitis virus
-Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus
-Western Equine Encephalitis virus
-Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus
What are the CS of an Arbovirus in people?
flu-like symptoms
What is the #1 Arbovirus Dz in the US?
West Nile virus

discovered by a vet
What kind of virus is West Nile virus?
Flavivirus

(also Arbovirus b/c spread by mosquito)
What is the vector for West Nile virus?
Culex spp mosquito
How can you get West Nile Virus?
mosquito bite (primary way)

-less common ways: transplacental, breast-feeding, blood transfusion, organ transplant, eating infected animal
Who gets West Nile virus?
humans

horses

birds
What are the CS of West Nile in humans?
after 5-15 day incubation...

2 forms
-non-neuroinvasive form: 139/140 cases
-neuroinvasive form
West Nile virus in humans... Dx? Tx? Prev?
Serology, virus isolation, RT-PCR

symptomatic

mosquito control
What are the CS of West Nile virus in horses?
after 3-15 day incubation...

CNS signs: depression, abnormal gait, tremors, ataxia, recumbency
(keep rabies in mind)

30% fatal
West Nile virus in horses... Dx? Tx? Prev?
serology, virus isolation, RT-PCR

symptomatic

mosquito control, vaccination (reduces severity)
Who amplifies West Nile virus?
songbirds!
What birds get West Nile virus?
crows, ravens, jays

raptors (high mortality in owls)

(songbirds are amplifiers, but don't get Dz)
What are the CS of West Nile virus in a bird?
retinal lesions in raptors
What animal is used as surveillance for West Nile virus?
chickens!

don't get the Dz, but make Ab if exposed
What kind of virus is St. Louis Encephalitis virus?
Flavivirus

(also Arbovirus b/c spread by arthropod)
What is the vector for St. Louis Encephalitis virus?
Culex spp. mosquitoes
Who gets Dz from St. Louis Encephalitis virus?
ONLY HUMANS!

birds carry virus, but don't get Dz
St. Louis Encephalitis virus in humans?
assoc w/areas of irrigation in W and SW

70% subclinical

CS similar to West Nile
St. Louis Encephalitis... Dx? Prev?
Dx: many cross-react w/West Nile

mosquito control (no vaccine)
What kind of virus is Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus?
Togavirus

(also Arbovirus b/c spread by arthropod)
Who is the reservoir for Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus?
wild birds (also amplify, but no Dz)
Who gets Dz from Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus?
humans

horses

some birds
What is the vector of Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus?
Culiseta melanura (mosquito)
Culiseta melanura (mosquito)
-transmits Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus

-lives in remote, swampy areas

-feeds on birds

-during late summer/fall they move upland b/c swamps dry up--> more human and horse contact
What are the CS of Easter Equine Encephalitis virus in humans?
2-4 subclinical cases for every 1 clinical case

incubation: 7 days

25-50% fatality
Where do people get Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus?
East coast
Gulf of Mexico states
Great Lakes area
Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus in humans... Dx? Tx? Prev?
serology

supportive

mosquito control (no vaccine)
What are the CS of Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus in horses?
similar to West Nile, but more severe

90% fatal
Eastern Equine Encephalitis in horses... Dx? Tx? Prev?
serology

symptomatic

vaccinate every 6 months!
Eastern Equine Encephalitis in birds, who do we worry about?
most are asymptomatic reservoirs

we worry about pheasants and emus (get CS and die, can use horse vaccine)
What kind of virus is Western Equine Encephalitis virus?
Togavirus

(also Arbovirus b/d spread by arthropod)
Who is the reservoir for Western Equine Encephalitis virus?
wild birds (amplify, don't get sick)
Where do you get Western Equine Encephalitis virus?
west of the Mississippi River (southern and western states)
What is the vector of Western Equine Encephalitis virus?
Culex tarsalis (mosquito)
Culex tarsalis (mosquito)
-found in waste irrigation water in west
-feed on birds (mostly), and larger animals (like us)

careless irrigation increases #s by giving them breeding habitat
What are the CS of Western Equine Encephalitis virus in humans?
many more subclinical than clinical (1150:1 adults, 58:1 kids)

incubation 4-7 days

fever, drowsiness, encephalitis

mortality is rare, but kids might get sequelae
What are the CS of Western Equine Encephalitis virus in horses?
similar to WNV and EEE

25-50% fatal
What kind of virus is Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus?
Togavirus

(also Arbovirus b/c spread by arthropod)
What is the vector of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus?
many species of mosquito
What is the main reservoir of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus?
small mammals
Where do you get Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus?
South and Central American, West Indies

Texas and Florida (pretty uncommon in US)
What are the CS of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis in humans?
similar to WNV, EEE, and WEE

low fatality rate
What is the pathogenesis of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis in horses?
horses have high viral loads--> allows transmission to mosquito

respiratory transmission b/w horses

20-40% fatal
How do you control Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus in horses?
mosquito control

quarantine infected horses

vaccinate horses
What kind of virus is LaCrosse virus?
Bunyavirus

(also Arbovirus b/c spread by arthropod)
What is the vector of LaCross virus?
Aedes Triseratus (Eastern treehole mosquito)
Who are the reservoir for LaCross virus?
small mammals
LaCross virus in humans
80-100 neuroinvasive (bad kind) cases/yr

CS similar to other arboviruses

kids more likely to get more severe Dz
Where do you get LaCross virus?
all of eastern US
California
Montana
Colorado
What are the 2 Flaviviruses we studied?
West Nile virus

St. Louis Encephalitis virus
What are the 3 Togaviruses we studied?
EEE, WEE, VEE
What is the Bunyavirus we studied?
LaCross virus
Which viruses are spread by Culex spp mosquito?
West Nile virus

St. Louis Encephalitis virus
Which viruses we studied have a reservoir in small mammals?
VEE

LaCross virus
Which viruses we studied have a reservoir in birds?
West Nile virus

St. Louis Encephalitis virus

EEE, WEE
Which virus we studied has the highest case fatality rate in people?
EEE --> 25-50% fatal
Which viruses we studied cause worse Dz in children than adults?
WEE and LaCross
List the viruses in order of their fatality rate in horses (lowest to highest)
West Nile virus (30%)
VEE (20-40%)
WEE (25-50%)
EEE (90%)
Which 2 viruses we studied don't cause Dz in horses?
St. Louis Encephalitis virus

LaCross virus
Which viruses we studied have vaccines for horses?
West Nile virus
EEE (q6mos)
VEE
Which viruses we studied can be spread w/o using an arthropod vector?
West Nile virus (transplacental, breast milk, transfusion, organ transplant, eating infected animal)

VEE (respiratory spread b/w horses)
List the viruses by their incubation period in people (shortest to longest)
WEE (4-7 days)
West Nile virus (5-15 days)
EEE (7 days)
What are other names for Tularemia?
"Rabbit fever"

"Deerfly fever"
What bacT causes Tularemia?
Francisella tularensis
Francisella tularensis
-gram negative coccobacillus
(has 4 subspecies)
-very stable organism (lives in water, mud, carcasses)
What are the 4 subspecies of Francisella tularensis?
A (tularensis)
B (holoarctica)
novicida
mediasiatica
Which Francisella tularensis subtype is the worst?
A (tularensis) is most virulent

B (holoarctica) is rarely fatal

novicida: only ever saw 2 cases in immunocompromised people

mediasiatica: don't really know
Where you find the different subtypes of Francisella tularensis?
A (tularensis): North America

B (holoarctica): Europe and Asia

novicida: North America

mediasiatica: central Asia
What animals typically get Tularemia?
rabbits and rodents
How common is Tularemia in people?
200 cases/yr
How many Francisella tularensis bacT are need to infect a human?
ONLY 10-50!
Does the government care about Tularemia?
YES!

Bioterrorism!
Category A Bioterrorism agents
Francisell tularensis subtype A (tularensis)

Anthrax

Botulism

Plague

Smallpox

VHFs
How is Tularemia spread?
many routes
1: contact w/infected animal tissue (rabbit hunting, used to be most common route)
2: bitten by infected tick (most common route now, Dermacentor and Amblyomma)
3: eating contaminated food or water
4: bitten by infected deerfly
5: inhaled (bioterrorism)
Where do you get Tularemia?
central US (Missouri, Oklahoma, middle TN, Arkansas, Kansas)
little strip on NE coast and NW coast
Who gets Tularemia (people)?
Males >>> females

young (15 and under) and mid-life crisis (40-60)
What are the categories of CS of Tularemia in people?
category you get depends on route of exposure

(in order of prevalence)
85% glandular or ulceroglandular
occuloglandular or oropharyngeal
5-15% typhoidal or pneumonic
How serious is Tularemia in people?
8% fatal overall

if you get typhoidal or pneumonic form --> 30-60% fatal if untreated
Tularemia in people... Dx? Tx?
rapid test not available

culture, gram stain, DFA, IHC

Abx: Streptomycin or Gentamycin
What are the CS of Tularemia in wild animals?
not usually found b/c of predation/decomposition

CS similar to people (depends on route)
What are the CS of Tularemia in cats?
more severe signs

they get it by eating wild rabbits or rodents
Tularemia in animals... Dx? Tx?
culture, FA, Serology

Abx: streptomycin, gentamycin, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, doxycycline
How do you prevent Tularemia?
-Don't handle potentially infected animals (cats, rabbits, feral hogs)
-tick/insect repellant for people and animals
-keep cat indoors
How many people did the plague wipe out in the 14th century?
75 million people (30-60% of European population)
What are other names for the Plague?
"Black Death"

"Bubonic Plague"
What bacT causes the Plague?
Yersinia pestis
Does the government care about the Plague?
YES!

Bioterrorism!
Yersinia pestis
gram negative bacillus
How do you get the Plague? Which is the most common way?
most common: flea bites (flea regurgitates bacT into bite wound)

contact w/infected rodent (animal) tissues

aerosol (pet cats and bioterrorism)
How common is the Plague? When/where do you see it?
10-15 cases/yr

April-November

SW and Western US
What are the 3 forms of the Plague in humans?
Bubonic

Septicemic

Pneumonic
Rank the 3 forms of the Plague by mortality rate w/o Tx (lowest to highest)
Bubonic (50-60%)

Septicemic or Pneumonic (100%)
Which form of the Plague is the most common?
Bubonic form (80% of all cases)
The Plague in humans... Dx? Tx?
culture, FA, ELISA

Abx: streptomycin, gentamycin, doxycycline
Which animals can get the Plague?
rodents

cats

prairie dogs and black-footed ferrets
What happens to rodents with the Plague?
can act as reservoir for bacT and home for fleas

intermittently epizootic

acutely die (CS rarely seen)
What happens to cats with the Plague?
more commonly infected b/c of predatory behavior

CS depend on route of exposure: abscessed lymph nodes, pneumonia, DIC, sepsis

38% fatal w/o Tx
Why do we care about the Plague when it concerns prairie dogs and black-footed ferrets?
Black-footed ferrets are endangered!

black-footed ferret kills prairie dog--> moves into its old burrow--> picks up prairie dog fleas w/the Plague--> dead endangered animal...
How do you prevent the Plague in pets and people?
-flea control for pets
-keep cat indoors
-wear gloves and a mask during necropsy of infected animal
-warn owners of risks
-vaccinate high risk people
How do you prevent the Plague in wildlife?
dust prairie dog burrows w/pyrethrins

oral vaccine being developed for prairie dogs
Which 5 states make 1/3 of all US agricultural products?
California
Illinois
Iowa
Nebraska
Texas
What are the 4 determinants of processing procedures?
1: type of food
2: regulatory requirements (more processed = more rules)
3: market place/forces
4: available technology
Intensive production centers make food that provides (3)
high quality

big selection

low price
Why is the food supply chain so important?
Food travels a LONG way before you get it, you want to know what happened to it on the way

globalization = more vulnerable food supply
Describe the Farm to Fork Continuum
Farm + inputs --> processing --> distribution--> retail markets--> consumption

Transported many times along the way
What factors complicate trying to ensure a secure food supply?
1: ingredient source
2: different transport methods
3: movement and processing at multiple sites
4: imported products
What factors determine transportation methods?
1: cost of transport vs value of product
2: site of production vs site of consumption
3: perishibility of product, speed of transport, type of processing prior to/during transport
4: location of vital processing points for product
Spinach outbreak
-E. coli 0157:H7
-in 2006
-3 California counties implicated
-205 sick, 103 hospitalized, 5 died
-spinach market plummeted
Santa Teresa port of entry
-90-acres
-2mi S of El Paso, 4mi N of Mexico
-handles 25% of cattle entering US from Mexico
-cattle inspected, tested, dipped
Imported products
-11 million cargo containers come into US/yr
-only 3-5% inspected (and only visually)
-we trade w/over 150 countries, 300 ports
-15% of US food is imported (60% if fruits/veggies out of season in US)
-75% of seafood
Key issues in food transport (as stated by FSIS)
-personnel handling/transporting food
-failure to report suspect issues
-communication b/w public and private sectors
-lack of standard use of seals
-food at rest is food at risk
Which transportation method is most vulnerable?
Truck or train

b/c it's hard to thoroughly inspect
What is the major form of transporting food?
trucking
Melamine outbreak
Pet food tainting by China 2007
-developed kidney failure and died

Infant formula in China 2008
-hospitalized for urinary problems, renal tube blockages, kidney stones, 4 deaths

it's a chemical byproduct of industrial manufacturing (not approved for human or animal food in US)

used to artificially elevate protein content of food
What is the new artificial protein tactic?
Hydrolyzed leather protein
What are the 4 pathogens transmitted in milk?
1: Campylobacter jejuni (also Campylobacter coli)
2: Listeria monocytogenes
3: Yersisnia enterocolitica
4: Q-fever (Coxiella burnetti)
Campylobacter
aka "Vibrio"
-leading cause of diarrhea in humans
-common infection of birds and domestic animals
Campylobacter jejuni
-small,curved, motile rod (corkscrew appearance)
-microaerophilic (5-10% O2)
-fastidious
-likes 42C
-can live in bile 2mos, urine for 5wks
-live in jejunum, ileum, colon
How much Campylobacter does it take to make a human sick?
have to ingest over 500 organisms

if organism is ingested with food, doesn't take as many organisms (stomach pH is a little higher, doesn't kill as many bacT)
What is the incubation period of Campylobacter?
dogs: 7 days
humans: 1-10 days (usually w/in 4 days)
What is the pathogenesis of Campylobacter?
1: proliferates in jejunum, ileum, and colon
2: invades cells and produces cytolytic toxin
3: microerosions, glandular hypertrophy, neutrophilic infiltration of lamina propria
4: necrosis of bowel
5: high #s of bacT in feces (1million-1billion per gram), few bacT in mucosa
6: +/- systemic invasion w/agglutinating Ab
Where does Campylobacter come from?
commensal in GI tract of wild and domestic ruminants, pigs, dogs, cats, fowl, rodents
Who are the reservoirs for Campylobacter?
primary reservoir: birds

poultry and cattle

wild and domestic birds (have higher body temps, 90-100% infection rate)
Who had the highest incidence of Campylobacter of pets?
young dogs from pet store, kennel or animal shelter
How do people get Campylobacter?
fecal contamination of food or water

fecal-oral
How do pets get Campylobacter?
fecal-oral
What are the most common sources of Campylobacter contamination for people?
unpasteurized milk
water
pork and chicken
farm animals
garden veggies
swimming in natural waters
drinking well water
poultry (farmers)
What is the most common way people get Campylobacter?
contaminated food (poultry) and water
How often do people get Campylobacter from their pets?
<5% of cases
What are the CS of Campylobacter in animals?
most are asymptomatic

symptomatic puppies: 3-7 days of diarrhea, +/- anorexia, fever, vomiting

adult dogs may be symptomatic just before whelping
What are the CS of Campylobacter in people?
can be asymptomatic

fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain

recover in 10 days

20% recur or are chronic

1 in 1000 cases gets Guillain-Barre syndrome (demyelination disorder)
How do you Dx Campylobacter?
fecal cytology (good at ruling IN)
-smear and gram stain
-look for curved or S-shaped rod
-Sn: 40%
-Sp: 99%

fecal culture
-easily overgrown
-have to use selective media, microaerophilic, 42C
How do you Tx Campylobacter in animals?
usually self-limiting

-fluids (PO or IV)
-Abx: may reduce relapses and shedding (erythromycin, gentamycin, doxycycline)

Dog: erythromycin 40mg/kg QID PO for 5 days
Cat: erythromycin 15mg/kg QID PO for 5 days

animal has to be isolated at hospital or home

wear gloves and dispose of feces properly

use disinfectants around litterbox
How do you prevent Campylobacter in people?
-pasteurize your milk
-avoid cross contamination from raw to ready to eat food
-properly cook meat and poultry
-common disinfectants
-hand washing
What should I tell clients about Campylobacter?
Dog can shed in feces for 40-120 days

warn clients w/young puppies and children

if Dx in family, culture the pets and give Abx
What are other names for Listeriosis?
"circling disease"
Who are the reservoirs for Listeria?
domestic and wild mammals

birds

man

can be free-living
What is the prevalence of asymptomatic fecal carriers (animals and people)?
5-10%
What kills Listeria?
HTST pasteurization (hot temp, short time)

ultrapasteurization

regular (batch) pasteurization doesn't get it
What is ultrapasteurization?
280 degrees for 2 minutes

used in Europe

don't need to refrigerate (long shelf life)

soy milk, creamer packets
What is HTST pasteurization?
hot temp short time

71.7C (161F) degrees for 15 seconds
Comparing pasteurization methods
batch pasteurization

HTST: 161F for 15 seconds

Ultra: 280F for 2 seconds
What bacT causes Listeriosis?
Listeria monocytogenes
Listeria monocytogenes
gram positive, facultative intracellular, aerobic rod

can be free living in soil

cold enrichment increases Sn of culture
What serovars of Listeria cause human infections?
1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c, 4b

responsible for 98% of human infections
Who is at highest risk for Listeria (humans)?
immmunosuppressed, pregnant, over 40yrs old, fetus, newborns
Where does Listeria colonize in the body?
CNS, placenta
Where do people and animals usually pick up Listeria?
People: cole slaw, raw milk or cheese, hot dogs, deli meat

Animals: improperly processed corn silage (pH has to be less than 5)
How does milk-borne listeriosis happen?
most commonly: from fecal contamination

rarely: from primary mastitis
What are the CS of Listeriosis in people?
headache, myalgia, fever, abortion, convulsions, death

20-30% fatality
What are the clinical forms of Listeriosis in people?
Meningitis (50% of patients)

Primary bacteremia (25% of patients)

localized form (few patients; granulomas, abscesses or primary cutaneous listeriosis [vets])
What are the forms of Listeriosis in ruminants?
most common: meningitis

spontaneous recovery is uncommon

septicemia in neonates
What are the CS of Listeriosis in ruminants?
-away from group
*-circling*
-cranial nerve signs
-fever
-anorexia, depression, paralysis, death
-late abortion, peri-natal death (dam asymptomatic)
How is Listeria transmitted?
most common: ingestion

dam to fetus

wound or MM

roughage penetration orally or intestinally
How do you Dx Listeriosis?
Culture (use CSF, meconium)

Serology is unreliable

Fluorescent Ab for rapid ID in post-mortem specimens, meat, milk
How do you Tx Listeriosis?
Abx EARLY!
-#1 choice is penicillin
-others: ceftiofur, erythromycin, TMS, tetracycline, chloramphenicol
How do you prevent Listeriosis?
for immunosuppressed or pregnant: properly cook meat, only drink pasteurized milk

for farmers: take precautions when handling aborted fetuses or sick/dead animals

only drink pasteurized milk
What bacT causes Yersionosis?
mostly; Yersinia enterocolitica

occasionally: Y. pseudotuberculosis
Yersinia enterocolitica
-causes Yersiniosis
-gram negative, aerobic rob
-pathogenic and non-pathogenic types
-produces heat-stable toxin
-Sn to gastric acid
-can grow at 4C (39-40F) and multiply in water
How is Yersinia transmitted?
*-ingestion in food or water*
-may be fecal-oral
-in food: meat, milk, veggies
-feeding raw pork to pets
How many Yersinia enterocolitica are needed to cause Dz in humans?
5 billion
Who are the reservoirs for Yersinia?
PIGS!!!

uncommonly dogs and cats

wild and domestic animals

birds
Who gets the pathogenic kinds of Yersinia?
pigs, dogs, cats, people
When do we see Yersiniosis?
when pigs are slaughtered
What are the CS of Yersiniosis in dogs?
mucoid or bloody diarrhea for several weeks

if necropsied:
-enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes
-thickened, hyperemic intestine
What is the incubation period of Yersinia in people?
4-10 days
What are the CS of Yersiniosis in people?
usually young, old, or immunocompromised

acute gastroenterocolitis

septicemia and death possible

abdominal pain can look like appendicitis
How do you Dx Yersiniosis?
Serology:
-only if you're trying to figure out epidemiology
-cross reacts w/Salmonella and Brucella
-not useful in dog or cat

Fecal culture:
-easily overgrown
-need 3 successive stools
-cold enrichment (4C) and special media neded
-need to incubate for 4wks

PCR:
-fast, high Sn, high Sp
How do you Tx Yersiniosis?
supportive (fluids, correct acid-base)

Abx: reasonable but not proven
-aminoglycosides, potentiated sulfas, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline

Resolution is often spontaneous
What should you tell your clients about Yersiniosis?
shedding period of dogs and cats is unknown (children shed for 27 days)

low prevalence in dog and cat, infrequent risk to people

culture pets if a family member gets it
How do you prevent Yersiniosis?
prevent contamination of food and water by rodents or birds

pasteurize milk

properly cook pork (165F)

good hygiene (hand washing)
What do you do if your pet gets Yersiniosis?
isolate

wear rubber gloves

don't put needle caps in your mouth...

Tx w/Abx

take precautions w/kids, elderly, or immunocompromised
What bacT causes Q-fever?
Coxiella burnetii
Coxiella burnetii
have to distinguish from Rikettsia:
-no arthropod vector needed
-no rash

gram negative, intracellular coccobacillus
What are the 2 forms of Coxiella burnetii?
LCV (large cell variant)
-intracelluar in MO and monocytes

SCV (small cell variant)
-extracellular form found in environment
How do you kill Coxiella burnetii?
-140F for 30-60 minutes
-0.5% formalin for 4 days
-UV radiation
-freezing

lasts weeks to months in dust!
How dangerous is Coxiella burnetii (Q-fever) in people?
won't kill you, but you'll feel like shit
What makes Coxiella a good bioterrorism agent?
can be spread via aerosol

resistant in the environment
Where do you see Q-fever?
Texas, California, NW states

worldwide
When do you see Q-fever?
spring lambing season

dairy cattle year-round
Who are hosts for Q-fever?
DAIRY CATTLE

wild and domestic mammals

birds

arthropods
What was pasteurization originally designed to kill?
Tuberculosis
What is pasteurization used to kill now (mainly)?
Coxiella burnetii
What places get exposed Q-fever the most?
-meat packing houses
-dairies
-research facilities (esp those using pregnant sheep)
-wool and hair processing plants
-diagnostic labs
What occupations are at increased risk of Q-fever?
-sheep and goat herders
-dairy famers
-slaughterhouse workers
-vets
-employees at medical research facilities
How is Q-fever transmitted?
direct:
-contact w/infected tissues or secretions
-birth fluid of cats and dogs
*-exposure to birthing products (massive amt in placenta and amniotic fluid)*

indirect:
-inhalation of dust d/t milk evaporation
-raw milk consumption
-tick bite (infrequent, wild animals, transsrdial, transovarial)
-person to person (rare)
-fomites
What is the pathogenesis of Q-fever?
Coxiella burnetii completes life cycle in phagosome (protected from humoral Ab)

immunity is good, long-lasting
How do you Dx Q-fever?
isolation:
-from blood, urine, milk, birth fluids, tissues
-high risk of laboratory infection (not usually done)

serology:
-4x increase in IgG Ab or presence of IgM indicates recent infection
-IFA, MAT, CF, ELISA
-state health dept
Does the government care about Q-fever?
YES!!!

Class 3 Bioterrorism agent
What are the CS of Q-fever in people?
rarely fatal

often subclinical

4patterns of host response
-unapparent infection
-acute febrile illness (headache, flu-like)
-pneumonic form
-extrapulmonary localization
What is the incubation period of Q-fever in people and how long are they sick?
incubation: 2-3wks

clinical course: 3-6 days
How do you Tx Q-fever?
doxycycline or erythromycin
What are some complications of Q-fever in people?
0.2-0.5% will get osteoarthritis, endocarditis, or vascular inflammation
Q-fever in domestic animals
wear gloves and mask!!!

-abortion in sheep and goats

-high #s shed from placenta and birth fluids (environmental seeding)

-excreted in milk for a long time
How do you prevent Q-fever?
pasteurize your milk!

tetracycline in water for several wks before birthing season

vaccine for lab workers (based on skin test) and dairy cattle

disinfection w/1-2% bleach

monitor serology in sheep (cull positive sheep)
Milk pasteurization types (temps and times)
batch pasteurization
-145F, 30 min

HTST pasteurization
-161F, 15 seconds

Ultrapasteurization
-280F, 2 seconds
What does FSIS stand for?
Food Safety Inspection Service
What makes up the ante-mortem inspection?
-observe animal at rest AND in motion (visual exam)
-individual exam
What is a suspect animal? What happens to it?
diseased, abnormal, or suspicion of either

Labelling
-silver tag (live animal)
-blue tag (carcass)

it gets either passed or condemned (whole carcass or just parts can be condemned0
What is a condemned animal? What happens to it?
obviously not suitable for food

Labelling
-red tag (live animal)

may be held for Tx
What are the purposes of the ante-mortem inspection?
1: detect/remove animals w/conditions that will be undetectable on post-mortem inspection
2: prevent contamination of facility
3: gather info for post-mortem disposition
**4: withhold animals w/abnormal conditions**
5: cooperation w/Dz-control agencies
What are the reasons to condemn an animal?
high temperature
-can't be over 105F: cow, horse, sheep, goat
-can't be over 106F: pig

numerous Dz and conditions
What if a sheep has ORF?
passed!

you remove the contamination along w/the skin
What if a cow has ringworm?
passed!

you remove the contamination along w/the skin
What if a pig has "diamond skin Dz?"
condemned!

it will be septicemic (can't remove the contamination)
What if a cow has "cancer eye?"
-squamous cell carcinoma
-most common in white-faced breeds and high altitude

-automatically suspect, then facility will "condition buy" it and seller only gets paid if everything is normal inside

-if metastases = condemned
What is a cow has Lumpy Jaw or Wooden Tongue?
Actinomyces bovis, Actinobacillosis lignieresii

often only the head is condemned
What happens to Downer animals?
-if it's not a cow = automatically suspect; held 24hrs; condemned if worsens
-if you have recent trauma = emergency slaughter

-if a cow = condemned automatically b/c of BSE risk
What if a cow has Tuberculosis?
will have "T" brand on left jaw and reactor tag in left ear

testing: caudal fold (tail) test, if positive confirm with cervical test

automatically suspect, if no lesions or lesions are localized it's passed for cooking (170F for 30 min)

if generalized TB = condemned (has to be slaughtered and disposed of under supervision of USDA vet for legal purposes)

REPORTABLE
What if a cow/goat has Brucellosis?
has "B" brand on left jaw and reactor tag in left ear

no slaughter concerns in cows

in goats = BAD (Brucella melatensis, highly pathogenic foreign animal Dz)

REPORTABLE
What if animal is moribund?
def: has body temp less than 96F (like they're dying)

condemned
What if cow has prolapsed uterus?
typically treatable, considered an emergency

can do emergency slaughter if temperature is still normal
Things that will make an animal "suspect" automatically
evidence of recent vet visit (catheter, foot wrap, etc)

injection sites (b/c you worry about withdrawal times, ELUD, illegal drugs)
Why would you have an emergency slaughter?
humane reasons (for injured animals)

no ante-mortem inspection

carcass, head, and viscera held for post-mortem inspection

can't be used for human food
What do you do if animal's temp is above upper limit?
105 for most, 106 for pigs

is high temp d/t travelling/stress/heatstroke?

hold and re-temp in 24hrs
-if still high: treat
-if normal: redo ante-mortem inspection
What is muscular hemorrhage?
"blood splash," "slaughter hemorrhage"

more common in pigs

more common w/electrical stunning (doesn't happen w/CO2 or electrical slaughter)
-15 seconds from stunning to bleeding in swine

petetchiae in muscles (HL, loing FL, diaphragm most common)

-stunning makes muscles contract and increases BP --> capillaries empty
-then muscles relax and blood is still under pressure--> capillaries rupture
What do you do if you have muscular hemorrhage?
it's safe for human use

trim affected areas

grind to hide it

can discard the carcass
What if a cow has milk fever?
fresh cows

may present for slaughter

assoc w/recumbency, bruising sternum/hips, edema, bruising in neck, acetone odor, moribund
What if you have inadequate bleeding?
differentiate from congestion d/t Dz

no effect on carcass
What if the animal is DOA?
unfit for human use

excess blood in lungs, kidneys, liver

dark muscle

possible odor

greenish hue over liver, abdominal walls
What if farmer claims the cow was killed by lightning? .... yeah....
you will see burns
-linear, narrow and uniform in width OR
-object associated (area where cow was contacting metal is burned)

hemorrhage in trachea

cows die of cardiac arrest
What if cow has Lumpy Jaw?
condemn head
What if cow has Wooden Tongue?
condemn tongue and cervical regoin

if lung is involved = condemn
What is in the post-mortem inspection?
head: incise tongue
viscera: examine lymph nodes
carcass

visual exam for swelling, edema, discoloration, wounds, hemorrhage

sniff it for necrotic tissue, uremia, ketosis, creosote

palpate for abnormal tissue beneath the surface

incise lymph nodes, organs and other tissues (organoleptic techniques)
What are post-mortem dispositions?
1: removal and condemnation of diseased of abnormal tissues
**2: localized vs generalized and acute vs chronic**
3: derangement of body f(ns)
4: injurious to health of consumer
5: offensive and repugnant
Localized vs generalized disposition
most commonly used

localized: body has contained the process w/o changes to general health

generalized: immune system does not contain disease process (loss of health occurs, usually see lymphatic or circulatory involvement)
Acute vs chronic disposition
acute
-rapidly moving
-often generalized
-body can't contain infection
-Diamond skin Dz, blackleg, anthrax
Acute vs chronic--> septicemia
-advanced, generalized Dz
-usually acute w/many sites
-systemic circulation

generalized lymphadenitis, multiple hemorrhages, swollen liver/spleen/kidneys
acute vs chronic--> pyemia
-generalized abscessation

-a form of septicemia
acute vs chronic--> pyrexia
fever
acute vs chronic--> toxemia
-systemic absorption of toxins

-can look like septicemia

-may enter body by oral or respiratory route, skin, or a localized Dz area
What is "Derangement of Body Functions" in the post-mortem?
Dz advanced --> impairment of normal body f(n)

inciting Dz may not be reason enough to condemn carcass, but secondary effects can change normal physiology

parasitism --> emaciation

obstructive urolithiasis --> ureamia

CHF --> anasarca

hepatic cirrhosis --> icterus
What falls under "injurious to health of consumer" on post-mortem?
toxic, infectious, or otherwise harmful agent in carcass

numerous drugs, anthelmitics, feed additives
What falls under "offensive and repugnant" on post-mortem?
-extreme birth defects

-not aesthetically pleasing

BLV: if 1 lymph node looks leukemic entire carcass is condemned
STARI is commonly confused with ________.
Lyme Dz
RMSF occurs most often in ___________ and is slowly moving __________.
SE states , westward
If you were going to test for BSE, what sample should you get?
obex
How many types of contagious spongiform encephalopathies have been confirmed in the US?
3 (BSE, Scrapie, CWD)
What ingredient do tick collars contain?
amatraz
How many people w/RMSF actually get the petechiae?
10-15%
What are the 3 products of rendering?
meat meal

water

fat
What is organoleptic inspection?
using all your senses to do your post-mortem inspection (look, feel, smell)