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458 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How many people bitten/yr?
dogs vs cat bites dog bite fatalities/yr |
4.7 million people
80% dogs, 20% cats 18 dog bite fatalities/yr |
|
Cost of animal bites/yr (medical and total)
cost of dog bite hospital visit |
$165 million/yr medical, $254 million/yr total
$18,200 |
|
Who gets bitten the most?
|
Rural areas
higher in Mid-W and NE (more hospitalizations in NE) male children 5-9yrs old (87% from dogs) March-August 3-7pm 3/4 happen in home or private yard |
|
Where do people get bitten?
|
Adults: hands and arms
Children: face, head, neck |
|
What is the most common bacT isolate from animal bites?
|
Pasteurella multocida (dogs, and esp cats)
|
|
Factors predisposing to infection of animal bite
|
person over 50 yrs old
puncture wounds wounds on hands vs face inadequate initial cleaning, irrigation, debridement |
|
What bacT from dog bites is the really serious one?
What are risk factors in the person bitten? |
Capnocytophaga canimorsus (DF-2)
rare, but severe (can kill you) immunosuppression, liver Dz, alcoholism, asplenia if vet gets spleen removed, they have to find another job b/c of this bacT |
|
How do you treat bite wounds?
|
1: Secure animal
2: cleans wound w/betadine soln (not scrub) 3: irrigation 4: debridement 5: suturing (controversial, can trap bacT) 6: prophylactic Abx (controversial) 7: Rabies PEP and tetanus booster |
|
What dogs bite the most?
|
Intact males
Terriers, working, herding, non-sporting dogs low-income neighborhoods (lack of knowledge, control, responsibility) 30%: roaming free, 48% roaming on home property, 22% restrained on home property |
|
Bite prevention (general rules)
|
Females know more than males (mothers most)
1: evaluate environment and lifestyle 2: don't put dog w/aggressive Hx w/kids 3: spend time w/dog before getting it 4: be careful bringing dog into home w/kids (esp infants/toddler) 5: spay/neuter all dogs 6: never leave infants/young kids alone w/dog 7: properly socialize and train all dogs (give food back w/o growling, give submissive behavior) 8: seek help if dog seems aggressive 9: don't play aggressive games (wrestling, tug-of-war) |
|
Bite prevention for kids (RUFUS)
|
1: be still like a tree (don't run from dog or scream)
2: don't approach strange dogs 3: if dog knocks you over, be still like a log (roll into a ball and lie still) 4: don't play w/dog unless adult is there 5: report stray dogs or dogs w/unusual behavior to an adult 6: avoid eye contact 7: don't disturb dog that is sleeping, eating, or caring for puppies 8: don't pet dog w/o letting it see and sniff you 1st 9: if bitten, tell adult immediately |
|
What does RUFUS stand for?
|
Respect
Understanding Friendly Unfriendly Stay still |
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What is rabies?
How do you kill it? |
Rhabdovirus, Lyssavirus genus
all domestic animals and people are susceptible disinfectants, drying |
|
Describe the Rabies virus itself
|
Rhabdovirus--> bullet shaped
virus envelope w/spiky projections helical ssRNA genetic variants are host-adapted (MOST IMPT) |
|
Determining which Rabies strain you have
|
use monoclonal antibodies
can have spillover (reservoir host gives it to different species--> incidental host) |
|
Rabies in wildlife in the US
|
over 90% of US Rabies cases
In order of prevalence: raccoons, bats, skunks, foxes, others Rarely possum (resistant) or rodent (usually eaten) strains we have here: Raccoon +/- skunk |
|
Why don't we know the real prevalence of Rabies?
|
1: animal not seen (b/c most are wildlife)
2: person doesn't suspect Rabies 3: animal not caught 4: animal not submitted to lab 5: bad specimen submitted to lab 6: False negative from lab |
|
Why is Rabies in raccoons such a problem?
|
raccoons thrive in urban environment
aggressive and swift (2x increase in D and C rabies, increase in other rabid species) more human exposures (PEP risk assessment), animal control calls |
|
Bat rabies
|
in all 49 continental states (high in TX)
over 20 strains |
|
Skunk rabies
|
TX, New England, midwest, and AZ
|
|
Fox rabies
Dog and cat rabes |
East coast, AZ, CA
mostly New England |
|
"Other" wildlife Rabies
|
Mostly groundhogs, bobcats, coyotes
|
|
Rabies in TN
|
Variants by prevalence: skunk and fox, canine (canine almost non-existent now but used to be highest)
Animals by prevalence: skunk, bat, raccoon |
|
Rabies transmission
|
Usually bite
Possible: saliva contact w/abraded skin (but superficial abrasions heal enough in 1hr to prevent this), ingestion of rabid animal, organ transplant, aerosol Most exposures don't result in Dz if you have clinical signs--> fatal |
|
Rabies pathogenesis
|
1: virus enters SQ/IM
2: replicates at site 3: moves to n. root gg. 4: replicates 5: spreads to CNS (clinical signs, vital n. centers infected) 6: centrifugal spread of virus to salivary glands and skin from CNS 7: secreted in saliva (contagious) |
|
What is the "period of communicability?"
|
def: time during which rabid animal is shedding virus in saliva (capable of transmitting rabies to susceptible host)
Dog, cat, ferret: -shed for 3d before CS -death in 3-5d after CS -so... 6-8d when they can transmit virus (hence, 10d quarantine) |
|
Quarantine times for Rabies
|
Dog, cat, ferret that bites a person: 10 days
-vaccination status doesn't matter -don't vaccinate for Rabies until quarantine is over (can confuse CS that you're watching for) Dog, cat, ferret that bites another animal: vaccination status is impt Dog, cat, ferret that is exposed to rabies: 45 days or 6 months |
|
Incubation period for Rabies
|
def: time from infection (exposure) to onset of CS (Dz)
where we get the 45 day or 6 month quarantine if exposed -Dog: 3-8wks -Cat: 9-51d (avg 18d) -Ferret: 10-41d -People: 1.5-4mos -can be over a year |
|
Factors that affect the incubation period of rabies
|
-amt of inoculum
-nerve supply at site of wound -distance to CNS -host resistance -strain of virus (raccoon to raccoon vs raccoon to dog) |
|
Source of rabies infections
|
for humans: 75-80% bats, and domestic animals
for domestic animals: wildlife or bats |
|
CS (phases) of Rabies infection in dog
|
2-3d: prodrome phase (non-Sp signs)
1-7d later: excitative ("furious") phase (want to bite you) paralytic phase ("dumb" form) Whole course of Dz is <10d long CS are NOT diagnostic, could be a neuro Dz |
|
CS (phases) of Rabies infection in cat
|
similar to dog
+erratic and bizarre behavior Owners report vocalization early in Dz (change in pitch and freq) |
|
CS of Rabies infection in cow
|
*posterior incoordination* (usually bitten on feet, usually skunk variant)
anorexia, repeated bellowing, recumbency, opisthotonus, pytalism, difficulty swallowing, running movements w/front legs |
|
CS of Rabies infection in horse
|
similar to cow
*+muscle fasciculations around muzzle (81%)* |
|
CS of Rabies infection in wildlife
|
Skunks and foxes: out during the day, not afraid
Raccoons: aggressive Ferrets: ataxia, leg weakness, paresis, paralysis |
|
How do you Dx Rabies?
|
in the past: ID of Negri bodies in neurons (10um, pink, round)
now: -FA (fluorescent Ab) test of brain, -mouse inoculation: backup for FA, takes 10-14d -skin test -PCR test (blood, tissue, CSF, saliva) |
|
What is the FA test for Rabies?
|
GOLD STANDARD
-only test that can rule OUT rabies when people/animals exposed -look at hippocampus, cerebullum, medulla (virus has to be in CNS before it is in saliva) -98% Sn (occasional false neg) -Looks like fluorescent glowy spots |
|
What is the skin test for Rabies?
|
-live animal
-muzzle biopsy of "guard hair" follicle (rich blood and nerve supply) -positive test is valid, but negative test CAN'T rule out rabies |
|
Prevention and Tx
|
Humans: vaccinate, titers, PEP
Domestic animals: vaccinate, titers, PEP |
|
Human vaccination for Rabies (pre, titer, PEP)
|
pre: three 1mL shots IM (days 0, 7, 21 or 28)
titer: every 2yrs after vaccination, good titer = complete neutralization of challenge virus at dilution of 1:5 (93-98% of people can neutralize if vaccinated); if not neutralized give one booster dose of vaccine PEP for vaccinated people: good wound care + two 1mL shots IM (days 0, 3), don't give RIG (giving passive Ab might inhibit anamnestic response) PEP for unvaccinated people: four 1mL shots IM of HDCV or PCECV (days 0, 3, 7, 14) PEP for immunocompromised people: five 1mL shots IM + 1 dose RIG Post-vaccination serology: 1-2wks after vaccination, should neutralize 1:5 dilution of challenge virus, use RFFIT to test (rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test) |
|
Which states have mandatory rabies vaccination?
|
Not all of them!
Do have law: entire east coat, gulf of Mexico states, NE, most of west coast don't have law: pacific northwest, northern middle states (plains) |
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Vaccinating animals
|
MLV (modified live vaccine)--> can use mAb to differentiate from rabies infection---> not in US
dogs and cats: inactivated vaccine wildlife: oral recombinant vaccine |
|
Dog/cat vaccination protocol
|
1st vaccination
-"protected" after 28d -@3mos old Booster vaccination: -"protected" immediately -1 yr after 1st shot, then q1 or 3yrs --local gov't decides how often you need to give it |
|
Ferret/horse vaccination protocol
|
same as dog/cat, except they have to get booster annually (regardless of rabies shot type)
|
|
PEP and vaccination failure protocol for domestic animals
|
they've tested and tested and tested, but there is NO EFFECTIVE PEP FOR ANIMALS!
shows promise: if we know exposure variant, you can TRY specific mAb in naive dogs if it's available |
|
Vaccination of wildlife (administering, checking)
|
being tried out by USDA; not approved for use by vets
"vaccinating" in a line along east coast (including SE and NE TN) to stop raccoon strain from spreading westward; in TX for coyote strain spread on the ground in baits by plane, vehicle, or people to check efficacy, they trap raccoons along this line, take blood and tooth samples, test serum for ab, look for bad teeth (caused by ingesting tetracycline while teeth were forming) effective for foxes, raccoons, coyotes not effective for skunks (can't eat the bait very well) 70% vaccination status would stop spread westward (estimate >80% vaccinated in 3yrs) Europe and S Ontario CA have greatly decreased fox rabies this way |
|
ORV for wildlife (vaccine itself)
|
oral recombinant vaccine in bait (ORV: oral rabies vaccine) (bait also contains tetracycline as a tooth indicator)
vacc. mech: gene for immunogenic glycoprotein from rabies virus was inserted into vaccinia virus (V-RG vaccine) |
|
What constitutes a typical "exposure to rabies?"
|
exposure to rabies: (need all 3)
-bite or saliva contact with: -MM or break in skin from: -known or suspected rabid animal |
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What constitutes a "suspected rabid animal?"
|
suspect rabid animal: (need all 3)
-any domestic or wild mammal (inc bats), -in rabies endemic area, that: -have bitten a human or domestic animal |
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What are less common "exposures to rabies?"
|
contact w/
-MOIST tissues from -DEAD, KNOWN, or SUSPECTED rabid animal to a -MM or break in the skin |
|
Handling the rabies vaccine (shots and baits)
|
shots: no danger from needle sticks (vaccine is inactivated)
baits: exposure to ORV is reportable vaccinia infection--> one case of a human infection after being exposed to ORV (w/break in skin), then taking immunosuppressive meds |
|
Summary of protocols for domestic animals exposed to rabies
|
current on vaccines:
-immediate booster -observation 45d not vaccinated: -euthanasia OR -6mos isolation + vaccinate immediately or 1mo before release |
|
Summary of protocols for domestic animal that bites a person
|
if healthy and available:
-quarantine 10d, then release to owner if signs develop: -euthanize and test if vaccination is needed, wait til end of quarantine period |
|
Veterinarian ethical responsibilities concerning rabies exposures
|
-tell client to go to the doctor or health dept, record that you gave this advice
-report exposure to the health dept -know where you have to quarantine animals by law (health dept enforces quarantine) -physician/health dept: determine need for rabies Tx in people, can order euthanasia of animal (even against owners wishes) -handle rabies specimens properly -prevent exposure to self and staff -ask about bites in past 10d for animals presented to be euthanized (put check box on form for documentation) |
|
Prep and shipping of rabies samples
|
-Tx of potentially exposed people may be delayed while they wait on lab report
-deliver specimen to rabies lab w/in 48 hrs -specimen: fresh, unfixed brain (don't freeze, no formalin) -smaller than squirrel = send whole animal -bigger than squirrel = just send head (don't try to remove the brain) -package properly to prevent contamination |
|
What do you need to know to assess the risk of rabies transmission?
|
1: is rabies enzootic for terrestrial mammals in the area? (if not, it's probably not rabies)
2: to what species was the animal person exposed? (if it was a possum, probably not rabies) 3: how did suspect animal behave? (was it rabies vs neuro Dz vs orthopedic Dz) 4: what were the circumstances of the exposure? (if you provoked the animal, it might not really count as "acting aggressive") 5: suspect animal's Hx: fight/wound, vacc status 6: where is suspect animal kept? (if indoors 24/7, probably not rabies) 7: how was person exposed? (bite vs saliva on skin, deep vs superficial wound) |
|
What made us need Federal Meat Inspection?
|
1: food chain (from farmer to consumer) got so long that consumers didn't know where their meat was coming from (couldn't asses sanitation, wholesomeness, freedom from adultery)
2: Teddy's Roosevelt 3: Upton Sinclair *4: Export Restrictions* 5: Bureau of Animal Industry |
|
Who is Upton Sinclair
|
Wrote "The Jungle"
the book described filthy conditions of meat industry in US "I aimed at the public's heart and by accident I hit it in the stomach" |
|
Teddy's Roosevelt and Meat Inspection
|
During Spanish American War (1898)
Teddy Roosevelt's Rough Riders saw "embalmed beef" cause more casualties to Americans than the war (>1000) "would rather eat my old hat than the canned food shipped to his troops in Cuba under gov't contract" |
|
Export Restrictions and Meat Inspection
|
Very Impt!
trichinosis, tuberculosis, and contagious pleuropneumonia in US livestock + bad sanitation = foreign countries imposed restrictions on US meat (major economic hardship) |
|
Bureau of Animal Industry and Meat Inspections
|
later became the USDA
BAI and committee appointed by Teddy Roosevelt verified Upton Sinclair's accusations encouraged Teddy Roosevelt to pass federal laws requiring meat inspection |
|
Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1907
|
6/30/1906: Teddy Roosevelt signed it
-applied to meat sold across state lines or exported -affected 163 slaughtering plants |
|
Wholesome Meat Act (WMA) of 1967
|
-tried to close loopholes of Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1907
-all meat in US had to be inspected -each state had 2yrs to make an inspection program equal to federal program or feds would do it for them -more inspection of imported meat |
|
Changes to imported meats b/c of Wholesome Meat Act (WMA) of 1967
|
1: only meat and poultry from countries that inspect it
2: products have to meet US standards and include name of country of origin 3: exporting country has to agree to let us inspect it 4: foreign products are statistically sample at US port of entry |
|
What is imported meat?
|
41 countries send us meat
84% fresh, red meat 14% processed meat and poultry (ready to eat) 2% fresh poultry 4 countries provide 87% of it -Canada 46% -Australia 21% -New Zealand 12% -Uruguay 8% No country w/endemic F&M Dz can send uncooked meat to US |
|
Curtis Amendment to the WMA of 1967
|
custom plants
-slaughter animals for owners to eat -meat must be stamped "not for sale" all retail meat must come from inspected carcasses |
|
Since the WMA was passed...
|
-26 states (inc TN) relinquished intrastate meat/poultry inspection to feds
*-6,500 establishments are federally inspected* (2,550 are state inspected) -largest employer of veterinarians (~1000, 1/8 of inspectors are vets) |
|
Wholesome Poultry Products Act of 1968
|
parallel law to WMA of 1967
-can raise up to 1000 birds/yr and sell for human consumption w/o inspection if sold directly to consumer -small slaughter plants can slaughter 20,000 birds/yr w/o carcass inspection |
|
Exception to Wholesome Poultry Products Act of 1968
|
Farm slaughter
-carcasses or edible by-products of animals killed on farm w/o inspection CANNOT be sold of traded (must be eaten by farmer, farmer's family, or non-paying guests) |
|
The history of "humane slaughter"
|
before 1958: cows were only species knocked unconscious w/knocking hammer ("polax")
|
|
Humane Slaughter Act of 1958
|
-1st humane slaughter law
-was voluntary unless meat packers sold to federal gov't -livestock must be insensible to pain by a blow, gunshot, or electrical or chemical means that is rapid and effective before shackling, hoisting, casting, or cutting -handling assoc w/slaughter must be humane -can only import meat from animals slaughtered humanely -exception: poultry and ritual slaughter assoc w/religious faith (Kosher slaughtering w/Jews and Muslims) -if inhumane Tx is seen, inspector tells establishment operative and regulatory control action is applied (non-compliance record, US Reject tag, withholding action/suspension... depends on severity of harm) |
|
Inhumane treatment b/c of equipment or facility problems
|
-inspector attaches US Reject tag to defective facility or equipment
-can't be removed until circumstances are approved by inspector |
|
inhumane treatment b/c of employee actions in handling/driving livestock
|
-inspector attaches US Reject tag to alleyway leading to stunning area
|
|
inhumane treatment b/c of improper stunning
|
-inspector attaches US Reject tag to stunning area
|
|
Methods of humane stunning
|
-captive bolt (non-penetrating mushroom head or penetrating type)
-gunshot -CO2 (asphyxiatin, approved 1994 for pigs, prevents "blood splashing") -electrical stunning (causes "blood splashing") |
|
Electrical slaughter
|
-higher voltage than for stunning
-instant cardiac arrest -approved in 1985 -stops "blood splashing assoc w/electrical stunning |
|
Methods of humane slaughter
|
-electrical slaughter
-Kosher slaughter (Jewish or Muslim) |
|
What makes the Tx "humane?"
|
1: provide measures for inclement weather
2: truck unloading 3: water and feed available 4: handling during antemortem inspection 5: handling of suspect/disabled animals 6: electric prod/alternative object use during handling 7: watch for slips and falls 8: effectiveness of stunning 9: check for conscious animals on the rail |
|
Purposes of label control program (4)
|
1: require informative labeling
2: prohibit use of false or misleading labeling 3: prevent adulteration of product 4: prevent unfair trade practices |
|
What is FSIS?
|
Food Safety and Inspection Service
Inspect products that contain 3% raw or 2% cooked meat |
|
Things that HAVE to be on the label
|
1: name of produce
2: ingredient statement 3: identity of manufacturer 4: net weight or quantity (usually oz) 5: inspection legend 6: warning statement |
|
Bacon!
|
Bacon is the "name of produce"
-def: cured belly of a swine carcass -rectus abdominus mm. -certified = treated for trichinae |
|
Hamburger!
|
Hamburger is the "free-standing term in the standards of composition"
-a category of ground beef ("name of produce") -has additional standards to "ground beef" -def: chopped fresh and/or frozen beef +/- more beef fat +/- seasoning can't go over 30% fat can't add water, phosphates, binders, or extenders |
|
Ground beef!
|
Ground beef is the "name of produce"
-def: beef of skeletal origin, or from diaphragm or esophagus (weasand) -may not have added fat -max fat: 30% -up to 25% cheek meat allowed (then you'd have to include cheek meat on the label) -cannot contain: heart, tongue |
|
Hot dogs!
|
not the "name of produce"
-in category of "cooked sausages and/or smoked sausages" |
|
Cooked sausages and/or smoked sausages
|
that's the "name of produce"
-chopped or ground -seasoned, cooked, and/or smoked -some added water, but no more than 10% of finished product -can use meat byproducts -curing: chemical (salt or sugar), smoke or heat (for wieners, polish sausage, Cotto salami, liver sausage, cooked weisswurts) -wieners, bologna, knockwurst are further distinguished by fat and moisture limitations |
|
Meat byproducts
|
-must be individually declared by species
-must be specific in name of ingredients statement (ex: pork liver, beef tripe, beef fat) |
|
What is the "name of produce?"
|
each "name of produce" represents product for which there is a standard of composition
|
|
What is an "ingredient statement?"
|
-required on most products
-lists various ingredients in descending order of predominance ex: chicken noodle soup, pork and beans |
|
What is in the "identity of the manufacturer," and why do we care?
|
-firm's name, address, and zip code of manufacturer or distributor
-very useful if you need to institute a food recall |
|
What is an "inspection legend?"
|
-has establishment # and statement
-indicates that product was inspected and passed for human food |
|
What is a "warning statement" on a food label?"
|
-ex: Keep Refrigerated
-if product has to be kept frozen or refrigerated to protects its wholesomeness |
|
What do BHA and BHT?
|
BHA: butylated hydroxyanisole
BHT: butylated hyroxytoluene -anti-oxidants added to food to prevent fats from becoming rancid -permitted in spice mixtures at 0.02% of the essential oil content w/o declaration on meat or poultry food product labels -permitted in cooked fresh sausages and fresh sausage-like products |
|
What are "natural flavors/ flavor/flavorings?"
|
-ginger, black pepper, onion powder, garlic powder, celery powder, garlic oil
-may be listed individually or as "natural flavors" -don't contribute to nutrition -not derived from animals -no health concerns linked to them |
|
What does it mean when I see "chemical free" on a label?
|
YOU WON'T!!!
this term is not allowed to be used on a label |
|
What does "free range" or "free roaming" mean?
|
producer must prove to FSIS that poultry have been allowed access to the outside
|
|
What do "Halal" and "Zabiah Halal" mean?
|
-food must be handled according to Islamic law and under Islamic authority
-printed on label -produced prepared by federally inspected meat packing plants |
|
What does "kosher" really mean?
|
-can only be used on labels of meat and poultry products prepared under the supervision of a Rabbi
-Jewish |
|
What is Meat (as derived by cool meat machine)?
|
definition amended in 1994 to include more stuff:
-"meat" products derived from advanced meat/bone separation machinery -comparable in appearance, texture, and composition to meat trimmings -includes similar meat products derived by hand Machine can't grind/crush/pulverize bones to remove edible meat tissue Bones have to emerge essentially intact Meat produced has ot be <150mg Ca/100g product |
|
When can you call your food "natural?"
|
-no artificial ingredients or added color
-minimally processed (a process which doesn't fundamentally alter the raw product) -label must explain use of the term natural (ex: no added color or artificial ingredients, minimally processed) |
|
When can you put "no hormones" on the label for pork or poultry?
|
NEVER!!!
hormones aren't allowed for pigs or poultry anyways! the only way you can put it on there is if you follow it with "federal regulations prohibit the use of hormones" |
|
When can you put "no hormones" on the label for beef?
|
-if producer gives USDA sufficient documentation showing that no hormones were used in raising the animals
|
|
When can you put "no antibiotics" on the label for red meat and poultry?
|
you can say "no antibiotics added"
-if producer gives USDA sufficient documentation showing that animals were raised w/o Abx |
|
When can you put "organic" on the label?
|
-controlled by National Organic Program
-administered by Agricultural Marketing Service of USDA |
|
What happens to tissue that is marked "condemned" or "inedible?"
|
-unfit for human consumption
1: placed in barrel or bin with YELLOW markings and lettering 2: denaturant/decharacterizing agent is added by inspector to cause ORGANOLEPTIC change (color/odor/feel/taste, usually powdered charcoal or dye) 3: stamps on tissues and/or packaging |
|
Methods of decharacterizing condemned and inedible products
|
1: denaturants
2: hashers 3: rendering 4: incineration |
|
What is a Hasher?
|
-grinds together bones, meat, blood vessels, fat
-ground material doesn't look edible -done in a segregated area from edible product processing |
|
What is Rendering?
|
-def: recycling animal byproducts
cook the products in a steam-jacketed tank under pressure--> fat cells break down--> fat product and other rendering products used in rations for animals inedible offal (viscera, trimmings), bones and condemned carcasses and parts are converted to inedible grease --> used for industrial purposes meat meal--> tankage blood is dried and processed --> blood meal (98% protein) |
|
What is Tankage?
|
-def: meat meal
-comes from rendering process -used as a protein supplement for animal feed and N content of fertilizer |
|
What is Incineration?
|
-duh
-rarely used, but acceptable method of disposing of condemned or inedible products -cons: cost of construction, energy costs, air pollution regulations |
|
What are the 3 zoonotic tick-borne diseases?
|
Lyme Borreliosis
Rocky Mountain Spotted fever Ehrlichiosis |
|
Ixodes (hard tick) life cycle
|
Spring: egg -->
Summer: larvae on bird/rodent --> Spring #2: nymph on mammal (us) --> Fall: Adult on mammal (us) |
|
How do ticks "find" their hosts?
|
active: "questing" behavior (get on tall grass and wave their little arms around)
passive: just get snagged stimulus for tick attachment: CO2, movement, |
|
What makes tick stay on?
|
Barbed chelicerae gets buried in the skin for attachment and feeding
|
|
Proper removal of a tick
|
grab as close to skin as possible w/tweezers and pull slowly and steadily
|
|
How long does a tick have to stay on for you to get a disease?
|
RMSF (rocky mt spotted fever) and HME (ehrlichia) --> fast transfer!
Lyme--> slow transfer (takes over 48 hrs) |
|
Which ticks spread Ehrlichia?
|
Lone Star tick (Amblyomma americanum)
|
|
What bacT do Lone Star ticks spread?
|
Ehrlichia chaffeensis (HME)
Ehrlichia ewingii (EWE) Borrelia lonestari (no Dz) Rickettsia amblyommi (no Dz) |
|
Which ticks spread RMSF?
|
American dog tick aka wood tick
Dermacentor variabilis) |
|
What bacT do American dog ticks spread?
|
Rickettsia rickettsia (RMSF)
|
|
Which tick spreads R. parkeri rickettsiosis Dz?
|
Gulf coast tick (Amblyomma maculatum)
|
|
What bacT do Gulf coast ticks spread?
|
Rickettsia parkeri (causes R. parkeri rickettsiosis Dz)
|
|
Which tick spreads Lyme Dz?
|
Black-legged tick aka deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)
|
|
Which tick spreads Anaplasmosis?
|
Black-legged tick aka deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)
|
|
Which tick spreads Babesiosis?
|
Black-legged tick aka deer tick (Ixodes scapuilaris)
|
|
What bacT does the Black-legged tick (deer tick, Ixodes scapularis) spread?
|
Borrelia burgdoferi (Lyme Dz)
Borrelia miyamotoi (no Dz) Analplasma phagocyctophilum (Anaplasmosis) Babesia microti (Babesiosis) |
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What bacT causes Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME)?
|
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
|
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What bacT causes EWE (other kind of human ehrlichiosis)?
|
Ehrlichia ewingii
|
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What bacT causes RMSF?
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Rickettsia rickettsia
|
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What bacT causes the "other kind" of rickettsia in people?
|
Rickettsia parkeri
|
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What bacT causes Lyme Dz?
|
Borrelia burgdorferi
|
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What bacT causes Anaplasmosis?
|
Anaplasma phagocyctophilum
|
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What bacT causes Babesiosis?
|
Babesia microti
|
|
Which zoonotic tick-borne Dz is the most common?
|
60% --> RMSF
25% --> Ehrlichiosis 15% --> Lyme Dz |
|
CS of Lyme Dz in people
|
Bulls-eye rash on skin (erythema migrans d/t borrelia migrating)
flu-like symptoms (fever, headache, muscle, joint pain) polyarthritis +/- early and late disseminated symptoms -incubation period: 2-5 months in dogs |
|
Borrelia burgdoferi details
|
-causes Lyme Dz
-gram negative spriochete - outer surface protein (Osp) |
|
Lyme Dz transmission
|
ways you can get it:
-mainly by Ixodes scapularis (Black-legged tick) -can be by Ixodes pacificus (western black-legged tick) -transplacental or transmammary (rare) -can't get Lyme Dz from a blood transfusion! |
|
Osp of Borrelia burgdorferi
|
Outer surface protein on the bacT
-transferred from tick to mammal host -tick feeding on new host triggers change in Osp expression -OspA helps Borrelia stick to tick's gut where it multiplies |
|
Pathogenesis of Lyme Dz in dog/human
|
1: tick attaches to dog/human
2: decrease in OspA (helps bacT break free from tick gut) 3: increase in OspC (helps Borrelia move towards salivary gland of tick) 4: after 48hrs of attachment, spirochetes enter dog/human 5: spreads by tissue migration thru collagen and CT (causes rash w/in 1st month) 6: targets joints, kidneys, heart 7: changes shape/surface proteins to avoid immune clearance and remain persistent Impt point: if you can get the tick off before it has been attached for 2 days, you probably won't get Lyme Dz! |
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Should I worry about Lyme Dz in TN? Why or why not?
|
NO! any cases we've seen have been when people caught it somewhere else (like on vacation)
TN DOES have Ixodes scapularis (Black-legged ticks), but they DON'T carry Borrelia Burgdoferi |
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Where are "hot spots" for Lyme Dz?
|
New England, Great Lakes area, west coast of California
|
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What are risk factors for Lyme Dz?
|
>50% onset of illness in June-July
living/vacationing in an endemic area walking thru dense vegetation or along edge of forest occupational exposure |
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Who gets Lyme Dz (humans and dogs)?
|
Humans
-males 5-19yrs old (playing outside) -males over 30yrs old (working outside) Dogs: -outdoor dogs exposed to ticks -not on tick prevention -usually infected as a young adult -no breed predisposition |
|
CS of Lyme Dz in dogs
|
only 5-10% of dogs show CS
*shifting leg lameness in carpus/tarsus* (can wax and wane) fever, anorexia regional lymphadenopathy infection is usually self-limiting w/in a few weeks, but serious complications can happen (CNS, ophtho, or heart Dz) |
|
What is Canine "Lyme Nephritis?"
|
Rapidly progressive, often fatal, immune-mediated Dz
-Labs, Goldens, Shelties -avg age: 5.6yrs old -CS: anorexia, vomiting, lethargy, PUPD, hypertension -kidney stuff: glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, tubular necrosis |
|
How do you Dx Lyme Dz in a human?
|
Serology:
-IgM is high w/in 2-3wks -IgG is high w/in 4-6wks (peaks at 6-8wks and can stay high for mos-yrs, but can't interpret past the 4-6wk time period) IFA and EIA (enzyme immunoassay): -high Sn, low Sp Western Blot -confirmation test for all positive or questionable IFA/EIA results -increases Sp of diagnosis CDC recommends 2-step testing |
|
How do you Dx Lyme Dz in a dog?
|
Serology:
-IgG:high when you see CS -IFA: can get false+ from vaccination -Western Blot: only positive w/true infections! (vaccination doesn't matter), $$$ 4Dx SNAP test (IDEXX): -antibodies to recombinant C6 peptide antigen (only true infection b/c this peptide is a Lyme Osp) -qualitative results PCR on blood, tissue BW and U/A (look for Lyme nephritis) |
|
The SNAP 4Dx test
|
Good for finding multiple infections
Looks for: HW, Anaplasma (top left dot), Lyme, Ehrlichia Middle dot: positive control |
|
Interpreting your Lyme Dx tests
|
if you have high Ab titers:
-doesn't mean you currently have an infection (titers can stay high for years) Summary: if you don't have CS consistent w/Lyme Dz, don't test; if you have a positive titer but no CS, don't treat |
|
Tx of Lyme Dz in humans
|
rash will resolve w/o Tx
Doxycycline to prevent systemic Dz Treat people who have "bulls-eye" rash PEP: single dose of doxy wi/in 72hrs of tick bite --> 72% effective in preventing rash |
|
Is there a Lyme vaccine?
|
YES for dogs (several), NO for humans
they target different Osp goal: lower infection rate, milder Dz used in endemic areas (don't use in all areas b/c of high rate of vaccine rxns) vaccinate before exposure + booster annually don't Tx dogs that don't have CS |
|
What is STARI?
|
Southern tick-associated rash illness
spread by Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) CS: bulls-eye rash like Lyme Dz, fatigue, fever, muscle/joint aches no true arthritis, no CNS signs, not chronic responds to Abx less severe than Lyme Dz |
|
CS of RMSF in people
|
-starts w/fever
-2-5 days later: -rash--> petechiae all over your body (85-90%) -after 1wk: myalgia, headache, fatigue Complications: severe vasculitis, septic chock, SARDS, renal failure, GI hemorrhage, thrombotic stroke, meningitis |
|
Rickettsia rickettsii bacT
|
-causes RMSF via Dermacentor variabilis (mainly, American dog tick), Dermacentor andersoni (western US)
-gram negative, intracellular |
|
Transmission of Rickettsia rickettsii
|
Tick to tick (American dog tick):
-transstadial and transovarian rodent reservoir Tick to dog/human: -tick bite -ingestion of tick -contamination of wound w/tick feces or fluids |
|
Where is RMSF the most common?
|
not actually in the Rocky Mts.
all around TN! (mid-east coast into great plains) highest in North Carolina |
|
Who gets RMSF?
|
Humans:
-spring/summer -male Caucasian children -<15 yrs old (66%) Dogs: -outdoor dogs -males <3yrs old (hunting dogs) -higher incidence in GSD and Springers w/PFK (phosphofructokinase) deficiency |
|
Pathogenesis of RMSF
|
1: tick bites dog/human
2: tick saliva contains anticoagulant that increases blood flow 3: R. rickettsii invades endothelial cells and makes them rupture 4: diffuse vasculopathy, perivascular inflammation, microvascular thrombosis, edema |
|
Human risk factors for RMSF
|
male
alcoholism old people non-caucasian (can't see petechiae as early) |
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CS of RMSF in dogs
|
fever, lethargy, anorexia (weight loss)
petechiae (1st sign, but harder to see b/c of fur) ocular changes (retinal hemorrhages, anterior uveitis) |
|
Dx of RMSF
|
most: IFA Serology
-IgM and IgG antibodies (Abx can mess it up) CBC, chem, U/A: low TP, thrombocytopenia if CS already there, can test CSF |
|
Tx of RMSF
|
Abx: doxycycline (can also use enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol)
-can make Dx harder supportive care -caution w/fluids (vasculitis) -immunosuppression |
|
Transmission of Ehrlichiosis
|
Lonestar tick (Amblyomma americanum)
Ehrlichia chaffeensis andEhrlichia ewingii |
|
Ehrlichia in TN
|
highest rate in the US, but still only 4 cases/yr
|
|
Ways to reduce risk of getting a tick-borne Dz
|
decrease ticks in environment -make "barrier" b/w yard and woods
-mow grass short -remove dead brush and branches -repellent for yard tick prevention on dogs -oral tablets, topical soln, medicated collar, shampoos, dips -need good compliance for consistent protection! proper clothing on people -long pants, tucked in -avoid thick grass, leaf piles -stay in middle of path/trail -repellent (DEET 20-35% adult, 6-10% kids, pyrethrins) check dogs for ticks q6hrs or more educate staff and clients, keep MDs and public health authorities in the loop (this is NOTIFIABLE in people, but not animals!) screen dog blood donors w/IFA/ELISA serology -E. canis, Babesia, Leishmania +/- E. ewingii, Anaplasma, Bartonella (don't have to screen for RMSF or Lyme) |
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What is Cat Scratch Fever?
|
Bartonellosis
|
|
Which zoonotic Dz cause endocarditis?
|
Bartonellosis, psittacosis, lyme
|
|
What organism causes Cat Scratch Fever?
|
Bartonella spp. (at least 19 species)
|
|
Bartonella spp.
|
causes Cat Scratch Fever
gram negative intracellular bacteria B. henselae lives in RBCs and endothelial cells |
|
Vectors of Bartonellosis
|
sand fly, body louse, oriental rat flea, rodent fleas, cat fleas, ticks?, unknown
|
|
Primary reservoirs of Bartonellosis
|
canids, felids, rodents, rabbits, raccoons, ruminants, reptiles, cetaceans
|
|
Accidental hosts of Bartonellosis
|
cat, dog, monkey, people
|
|
Which of the many Bartonella spp most commonly infect cats?
which one is the most common cause Cat Scratch Fever? |
B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae, B. koehlerae, B. quintana
most common cause of Cat Scratch Fever: Bartonella henselae |
|
CS of Bartonellosis in cats
|
chronic infection and relapsing bacteremia
can be asymptomatic |
|
Which of the many Bartonella spp most commonly infect canids?
|
B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae, B. elizabethae, B. vinsonii (berkhoffii)
B. vinsonii recently isolated from human blood samples too, assoc w/arthropod contact |
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Which of the many Bartonella spp most commonly infect ruminants?
|
B. bovis: cows, elk, mule deer, other ruminants
B. chomelii: cows B. schoenbuchensis and B. capreoli: wild roe deer |
|
Do rodents get Bartonella?
|
YES! 26% prevalence
|
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What species gets sick with Bartonellosis?
|
the accidental host
the natural host is usually asymptomatic |
|
Historical Cat Scratch Fever
|
French scientists tested dental pulp of cats in 13th century and found B. henselae
1931: 1st described in people 1983: bacT cause found 1992: 1st described in cats 1994: 1st described in dogs |
|
Who sings Cat Scratch Fever?
|
Ted Nugent
|
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Transmission of Cat Scratch Fever to a cat
|
most common: a cat scratch... yeah...
others: cat/dog bite, arthropod vector not transmitted via: gestation, milk, breeding |
|
Arthropod vectors and the sp of Bartonella they carry
|
Main one: cat fleas (B. henselae)
biting flies (B. henselae, B. bovis) lice (B. quintana) sand flies (B. bacilliformis) ticks (Rhipicephalus, Ixodes, Amblyomma, Dermacentor) |
|
Life cycle of Bartonella on a cat
|
1: flea ingests Bartonella from cat blood
2: Bartonella amplified in flea hindgut 3: Bartonella excreted in flea feces for 9 days 4: flea lands on new cat 5: flea bites new cat 6: Bartonella infects the flea bite wound from flea feces 7: cat becomes bacteremic and can infect more fleas |
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Transmission of Cat Scratch Fever to a human
|
1: bacteremic cat (infected by flea poop) scratches or bites the human
2: infected cat blood or infected flea feces in claws gets into wound 3: Bartonella now in human |
|
Transmission of Cat Scratch Fever to dogs
|
Arthropod vector
|
|
Where does Cat Scratch Fever occur?
|
worldwide! (everywhere there are cats)
|
|
How common is Cat Scratch Fever in the US?
|
pretty common in kids and adults
22,000 cases/yr 9.3 cases/100,000 people/yr the younger the kid is, the more likely they will end up in the hospital 3.6-6% of people are serology positive for B. henselae |
|
Who gets Cat Scratch Fever (people)?
|
... people who are more likely to get scratched by cats...
higher in Italian children, Japanese vets, US vets, vet assistants higher in kids (5-15) |
|
How many cats and dogs have Bartonella?
|
40% of cats (most under 2yrs old)
10.1% of healthy dogs 27.2% of sick dogs B. vinsonii: 28-35% coyotes |
|
Risk factors for a human getting Cat Scratch Fever?
|
cat scratches
ownerships of young cats tick exposure |
|
risk factors for a cat getting Cat Scratch Fever?
|
-flea infestation
-warm climates w/high precipitation -going outdoors -exposure to other cats |
|
Risk factors for Cat Scratch Fever in a dog
|
-flea and tick infestation
-exposure to cattle (working dogs outside, more parasites) -rural areas -roaming -herding breeds -multi-dog households -higher precipitation -southern CA, close to coast |
|
When do you see Cat Scratch Fever?
|
July-January (flea/tick season)
-by late summer and fall, kittens are becoming juvenile -more activity and rough play w/kids |
|
How serious is Cat Scratch Fever in humans?
|
-usually self-limiting and mild (no Abx given)
-can be subclinical -25% get systemic signs -more persistent, severe Dz if immunocompromised -common to have co-infections with other tick-born Dz (humans and dogs) |
|
CS of "Classic" Cat Scratch Fever in humans
|
mostly immunocompetent people
cat scratch/bite--> papule--> pustule (14days) -fever, malaise -regional lymphadenopathy (after wks, can abscess) -self-limiting doesn't respond to Abx |
|
What are some atypical CS of Cat Scratch Fever in humans?
|
5-25% (more in immunosuppressed)
-splenomegaly -weight loss -myalgia/arthralgia/osteomyelitis -hemolytic anemia -endocarditis of aortic valve (humans and dogs) -conjunctivitis/neuroretinitis -encephalitis -pneumonia -glomerulonephritis -sudden death |
|
What are the CS of Cat Scratch Fever in immunosuppressed humans?
|
-prolonged fever
-relapsing bacteremia -bacillary angiomatosis (proliferative vascular lesions on skin and organs) -peliosis hepatitis (dilation of sinuses in liver) -severe infections seen in patients w/HIV and organ transplants |
|
What are the CS of Cat Scratch Fever in dogs?
|
(can be subclinical)
-perisistent/intermittent fever -gradual weight loss -shifting leg lameness -lymphadenitis -endocarditis, myocarditis -immune-mediated hemolytic anemia -immune-mediate thrombocytopenia |
|
What are some atypical CS of Cat Scratch Fever in a dog?
|
-vasculitis
-uveitis -meningoencephalitis -granulomatous rhinitis -peliosis hepatitis -granulomatous hepatitis |
|
Endocarditis caused by Bartonella in dogs
|
-middle aged or older
-large breed dogs -aortic valve -slow form: lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, resp distress, syncope -acute left-sided heart failure |
|
What are the CS of Cat Scratch Fever in a cat?
|
-most are subclinical or mild infections
-systemic Dz is rare -fever -anorexia -lethargy -neuro signs -peripheral lymphadenomegaly -splenic hyperplasia -osteomyelitis (proliferative) |
|
What are some atypical CS of Cat Scratch Fever in a cat?
|
-endocarditis
-others not proven |
|
Dz progression in a cat with Cat Scratch Fever
|
bacteremic for weeks-months (can be >1yr)
relapsing, chronic |
|
How do you Dx Cat Scratch Fever in a human?
|
Hx of contact w/cat
Serology: IgG or IgM via IFA/EIA Culture on special media (Bartonella alpha Proteobacteria growth media) PCR |
|
How do you Dx Cat Scratch Fever in a dog?
|
Serology (IFA) + CS
Culture: not very good, most will not grow b/c there aren't enough bacT in system PCR: always do this after IFA to confirm and speciate |
|
How do you Dx Cat Scratch Fever in a cat?
|
Serology (IFA): not very good, b/c so many cats have been exposed
Culture: GOLD STANDARD -more reliable in cat -can be negative d/t cyclic bacteremia PCR: to confirm and speciate |
|
For Cat Scratch Fever in a cat, what 4 things do you need for a presumptive Dx (not definitive)?
|
1: CS consistent w/Bartonellosis
2: excluded other causes 3: positive culture +/- PCR 4: Response to Abx |
|
How do you Tx Cat Scratch Fever in a cat?
|
Most cats: don't give them anything
Abx for cats that test positive + CS (for 4-6wks) -azithromycin -doxycycline -fluoroquinolone |
|
How do you Tx Cat Scratch Fever ina dog?
|
You're really treating the endocarditis
Abx for 4-6wks (1 month after resolution of vegetative lesion) + supportive care BUT.... Abx don't get into valve very well, poor prognosis |
|
How do you prevent Cat Scratch Fever for a normal person?
|
flea/tick prevention
good hygiene around all pets prevent cat scratches and bites -avoid aggressive play w/young cats -keep claws trimmed or dull -clean any wounds w/soap and water -don't let cats lick open wounds talk to your doctor if you're worried |
|
How do you prevent Cat Scratch Fever in a immunocompromised person?
|
recommend adult cats, not kittens
emphasize hygiene and gentle play consider Tx positive asymptomatic cats w/azithromycin to decrease risk |
|
What is an Arbovirus?
|
any virus that is biologically transmitted by an arthropod
|
|
Pathogenesis of Arboviruses
|
1: arthropod feeds on infected animal
2: virus amplified in gut of arthropod 3: virus transferred to next host during feeding |
|
What are the common vectors of Arboviruses?
|
mosquitoes
sand flies ticks |
|
What are the reservoirs of Arboviruses?
|
mammals
birds reptiles amphibians? fish? |
|
What are the Arboviruses that we care about?
|
-West Nile virus
-St. Louis Encephalitis virus -Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus -Western Equine Encephalitis virus -Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus |
|
What are the CS of an Arbovirus in people?
|
flu-like symptoms
|
|
What is the #1 Arbovirus Dz in the US?
|
West Nile virus
discovered by a vet |
|
What kind of virus is West Nile virus?
|
Flavivirus
(also Arbovirus b/c spread by mosquito) |
|
What is the vector for West Nile virus?
|
Culex spp mosquito
|
|
How can you get West Nile Virus?
|
mosquito bite (primary way)
-less common ways: transplacental, breast-feeding, blood transfusion, organ transplant, eating infected animal |
|
Who gets West Nile virus?
|
humans
horses birds |
|
What are the CS of West Nile in humans?
|
after 5-15 day incubation...
2 forms -non-neuroinvasive form: 139/140 cases -neuroinvasive form |
|
West Nile virus in humans... Dx? Tx? Prev?
|
Serology, virus isolation, RT-PCR
symptomatic mosquito control |
|
What are the CS of West Nile virus in horses?
|
after 3-15 day incubation...
CNS signs: depression, abnormal gait, tremors, ataxia, recumbency (keep rabies in mind) 30% fatal |
|
West Nile virus in horses... Dx? Tx? Prev?
|
serology, virus isolation, RT-PCR
symptomatic mosquito control, vaccination (reduces severity) |
|
Who amplifies West Nile virus?
|
songbirds!
|
|
What birds get West Nile virus?
|
crows, ravens, jays
raptors (high mortality in owls) (songbirds are amplifiers, but don't get Dz) |
|
What are the CS of West Nile virus in a bird?
|
retinal lesions in raptors
|
|
What animal is used as surveillance for West Nile virus?
|
chickens!
don't get the Dz, but make Ab if exposed |
|
What kind of virus is St. Louis Encephalitis virus?
|
Flavivirus
(also Arbovirus b/c spread by arthropod) |
|
What is the vector for St. Louis Encephalitis virus?
|
Culex spp. mosquitoes
|
|
Who gets Dz from St. Louis Encephalitis virus?
|
ONLY HUMANS!
birds carry virus, but don't get Dz |
|
St. Louis Encephalitis virus in humans?
|
assoc w/areas of irrigation in W and SW
70% subclinical CS similar to West Nile |
|
St. Louis Encephalitis... Dx? Prev?
|
Dx: many cross-react w/West Nile
mosquito control (no vaccine) |
|
What kind of virus is Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus?
|
Togavirus
(also Arbovirus b/c spread by arthropod) |
|
Who is the reservoir for Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus?
|
wild birds (also amplify, but no Dz)
|
|
Who gets Dz from Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus?
|
humans
horses some birds |
|
What is the vector of Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus?
|
Culiseta melanura (mosquito)
|
|
Culiseta melanura (mosquito)
|
-transmits Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus
-lives in remote, swampy areas -feeds on birds -during late summer/fall they move upland b/c swamps dry up--> more human and horse contact |
|
What are the CS of Easter Equine Encephalitis virus in humans?
|
2-4 subclinical cases for every 1 clinical case
incubation: 7 days 25-50% fatality |
|
Where do people get Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus?
|
East coast
Gulf of Mexico states Great Lakes area |
|
Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus in humans... Dx? Tx? Prev?
|
serology
supportive mosquito control (no vaccine) |
|
What are the CS of Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus in horses?
|
similar to West Nile, but more severe
90% fatal |
|
Eastern Equine Encephalitis in horses... Dx? Tx? Prev?
|
serology
symptomatic vaccinate every 6 months! |
|
Eastern Equine Encephalitis in birds, who do we worry about?
|
most are asymptomatic reservoirs
we worry about pheasants and emus (get CS and die, can use horse vaccine) |
|
What kind of virus is Western Equine Encephalitis virus?
|
Togavirus
(also Arbovirus b/d spread by arthropod) |
|
Who is the reservoir for Western Equine Encephalitis virus?
|
wild birds (amplify, don't get sick)
|
|
Where do you get Western Equine Encephalitis virus?
|
west of the Mississippi River (southern and western states)
|
|
What is the vector of Western Equine Encephalitis virus?
|
Culex tarsalis (mosquito)
|
|
Culex tarsalis (mosquito)
|
-found in waste irrigation water in west
-feed on birds (mostly), and larger animals (like us) careless irrigation increases #s by giving them breeding habitat |
|
What are the CS of Western Equine Encephalitis virus in humans?
|
many more subclinical than clinical (1150:1 adults, 58:1 kids)
incubation 4-7 days fever, drowsiness, encephalitis mortality is rare, but kids might get sequelae |
|
What are the CS of Western Equine Encephalitis virus in horses?
|
similar to WNV and EEE
25-50% fatal |
|
What kind of virus is Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus?
|
Togavirus
(also Arbovirus b/c spread by arthropod) |
|
What is the vector of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus?
|
many species of mosquito
|
|
What is the main reservoir of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus?
|
small mammals
|
|
Where do you get Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus?
|
South and Central American, West Indies
Texas and Florida (pretty uncommon in US) |
|
What are the CS of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis in humans?
|
similar to WNV, EEE, and WEE
low fatality rate |
|
What is the pathogenesis of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis in horses?
|
horses have high viral loads--> allows transmission to mosquito
respiratory transmission b/w horses 20-40% fatal |
|
How do you control Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus in horses?
|
mosquito control
quarantine infected horses vaccinate horses |
|
What kind of virus is LaCrosse virus?
|
Bunyavirus
(also Arbovirus b/c spread by arthropod) |
|
What is the vector of LaCross virus?
|
Aedes Triseratus (Eastern treehole mosquito)
|
|
Who are the reservoir for LaCross virus?
|
small mammals
|
|
LaCross virus in humans
|
80-100 neuroinvasive (bad kind) cases/yr
CS similar to other arboviruses kids more likely to get more severe Dz |
|
Where do you get LaCross virus?
|
all of eastern US
California Montana Colorado |
|
What are the 2 Flaviviruses we studied?
|
West Nile virus
St. Louis Encephalitis virus |
|
What are the 3 Togaviruses we studied?
|
EEE, WEE, VEE
|
|
What is the Bunyavirus we studied?
|
LaCross virus
|
|
Which viruses are spread by Culex spp mosquito?
|
West Nile virus
St. Louis Encephalitis virus |
|
Which viruses we studied have a reservoir in small mammals?
|
VEE
LaCross virus |
|
Which viruses we studied have a reservoir in birds?
|
West Nile virus
St. Louis Encephalitis virus EEE, WEE |
|
Which virus we studied has the highest case fatality rate in people?
|
EEE --> 25-50% fatal
|
|
Which viruses we studied cause worse Dz in children than adults?
|
WEE and LaCross
|
|
List the viruses in order of their fatality rate in horses (lowest to highest)
|
West Nile virus (30%)
VEE (20-40%) WEE (25-50%) EEE (90%) |
|
Which 2 viruses we studied don't cause Dz in horses?
|
St. Louis Encephalitis virus
LaCross virus |
|
Which viruses we studied have vaccines for horses?
|
West Nile virus
EEE (q6mos) VEE |
|
Which viruses we studied can be spread w/o using an arthropod vector?
|
West Nile virus (transplacental, breast milk, transfusion, organ transplant, eating infected animal)
VEE (respiratory spread b/w horses) |
|
List the viruses by their incubation period in people (shortest to longest)
|
WEE (4-7 days)
West Nile virus (5-15 days) EEE (7 days) |
|
What are other names for Tularemia?
|
"Rabbit fever"
"Deerfly fever" |
|
What bacT causes Tularemia?
|
Francisella tularensis
|
|
Francisella tularensis
|
-gram negative coccobacillus
(has 4 subspecies) -very stable organism (lives in water, mud, carcasses) |
|
What are the 4 subspecies of Francisella tularensis?
|
A (tularensis)
B (holoarctica) novicida mediasiatica |
|
Which Francisella tularensis subtype is the worst?
|
A (tularensis) is most virulent
B (holoarctica) is rarely fatal novicida: only ever saw 2 cases in immunocompromised people mediasiatica: don't really know |
|
Where you find the different subtypes of Francisella tularensis?
|
A (tularensis): North America
B (holoarctica): Europe and Asia novicida: North America mediasiatica: central Asia |
|
What animals typically get Tularemia?
|
rabbits and rodents
|
|
How common is Tularemia in people?
|
200 cases/yr
|
|
How many Francisella tularensis bacT are need to infect a human?
|
ONLY 10-50!
|
|
Does the government care about Tularemia?
|
YES!
Bioterrorism! |
|
Category A Bioterrorism agents
|
Francisell tularensis subtype A (tularensis)
Anthrax Botulism Plague Smallpox VHFs |
|
How is Tularemia spread?
|
many routes
1: contact w/infected animal tissue (rabbit hunting, used to be most common route) 2: bitten by infected tick (most common route now, Dermacentor and Amblyomma) 3: eating contaminated food or water 4: bitten by infected deerfly 5: inhaled (bioterrorism) |
|
Where do you get Tularemia?
|
central US (Missouri, Oklahoma, middle TN, Arkansas, Kansas)
little strip on NE coast and NW coast |
|
Who gets Tularemia (people)?
|
Males >>> females
young (15 and under) and mid-life crisis (40-60) |
|
What are the categories of CS of Tularemia in people?
|
category you get depends on route of exposure
(in order of prevalence) 85% glandular or ulceroglandular occuloglandular or oropharyngeal 5-15% typhoidal or pneumonic |
|
How serious is Tularemia in people?
|
8% fatal overall
if you get typhoidal or pneumonic form --> 30-60% fatal if untreated |
|
Tularemia in people... Dx? Tx?
|
rapid test not available
culture, gram stain, DFA, IHC Abx: Streptomycin or Gentamycin |
|
What are the CS of Tularemia in wild animals?
|
not usually found b/c of predation/decomposition
CS similar to people (depends on route) |
|
What are the CS of Tularemia in cats?
|
more severe signs
they get it by eating wild rabbits or rodents |
|
Tularemia in animals... Dx? Tx?
|
culture, FA, Serology
Abx: streptomycin, gentamycin, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, doxycycline |
|
How do you prevent Tularemia?
|
-Don't handle potentially infected animals (cats, rabbits, feral hogs)
-tick/insect repellant for people and animals -keep cat indoors |
|
How many people did the plague wipe out in the 14th century?
|
75 million people (30-60% of European population)
|
|
What are other names for the Plague?
|
"Black Death"
"Bubonic Plague" |
|
What bacT causes the Plague?
|
Yersinia pestis
|
|
Does the government care about the Plague?
|
YES!
Bioterrorism! |
|
Yersinia pestis
|
gram negative bacillus
|
|
How do you get the Plague? Which is the most common way?
|
most common: flea bites (flea regurgitates bacT into bite wound)
contact w/infected rodent (animal) tissues aerosol (pet cats and bioterrorism) |
|
How common is the Plague? When/where do you see it?
|
10-15 cases/yr
April-November SW and Western US |
|
What are the 3 forms of the Plague in humans?
|
Bubonic
Septicemic Pneumonic |
|
Rank the 3 forms of the Plague by mortality rate w/o Tx (lowest to highest)
|
Bubonic (50-60%)
Septicemic or Pneumonic (100%) |
|
Which form of the Plague is the most common?
|
Bubonic form (80% of all cases)
|
|
The Plague in humans... Dx? Tx?
|
culture, FA, ELISA
Abx: streptomycin, gentamycin, doxycycline |
|
Which animals can get the Plague?
|
rodents
cats prairie dogs and black-footed ferrets |
|
What happens to rodents with the Plague?
|
can act as reservoir for bacT and home for fleas
intermittently epizootic acutely die (CS rarely seen) |
|
What happens to cats with the Plague?
|
more commonly infected b/c of predatory behavior
CS depend on route of exposure: abscessed lymph nodes, pneumonia, DIC, sepsis 38% fatal w/o Tx |
|
Why do we care about the Plague when it concerns prairie dogs and black-footed ferrets?
|
Black-footed ferrets are endangered!
black-footed ferret kills prairie dog--> moves into its old burrow--> picks up prairie dog fleas w/the Plague--> dead endangered animal... |
|
How do you prevent the Plague in pets and people?
|
-flea control for pets
-keep cat indoors -wear gloves and a mask during necropsy of infected animal -warn owners of risks -vaccinate high risk people |
|
How do you prevent the Plague in wildlife?
|
dust prairie dog burrows w/pyrethrins
oral vaccine being developed for prairie dogs |
|
Which 5 states make 1/3 of all US agricultural products?
|
California
Illinois Iowa Nebraska Texas |
|
What are the 4 determinants of processing procedures?
|
1: type of food
2: regulatory requirements (more processed = more rules) 3: market place/forces 4: available technology |
|
Intensive production centers make food that provides (3)
|
high quality
big selection low price |
|
Why is the food supply chain so important?
|
Food travels a LONG way before you get it, you want to know what happened to it on the way
globalization = more vulnerable food supply |
|
Describe the Farm to Fork Continuum
|
Farm + inputs --> processing --> distribution--> retail markets--> consumption
Transported many times along the way |
|
What factors complicate trying to ensure a secure food supply?
|
1: ingredient source
2: different transport methods 3: movement and processing at multiple sites 4: imported products |
|
What factors determine transportation methods?
|
1: cost of transport vs value of product
2: site of production vs site of consumption 3: perishibility of product, speed of transport, type of processing prior to/during transport 4: location of vital processing points for product |
|
Spinach outbreak
|
-E. coli 0157:H7
-in 2006 -3 California counties implicated -205 sick, 103 hospitalized, 5 died -spinach market plummeted |
|
Santa Teresa port of entry
|
-90-acres
-2mi S of El Paso, 4mi N of Mexico -handles 25% of cattle entering US from Mexico -cattle inspected, tested, dipped |
|
Imported products
|
-11 million cargo containers come into US/yr
-only 3-5% inspected (and only visually) -we trade w/over 150 countries, 300 ports -15% of US food is imported (60% if fruits/veggies out of season in US) -75% of seafood |
|
Key issues in food transport (as stated by FSIS)
|
-personnel handling/transporting food
-failure to report suspect issues -communication b/w public and private sectors -lack of standard use of seals -food at rest is food at risk |
|
Which transportation method is most vulnerable?
|
Truck or train
b/c it's hard to thoroughly inspect |
|
What is the major form of transporting food?
|
trucking
|
|
Melamine outbreak
|
Pet food tainting by China 2007
-developed kidney failure and died Infant formula in China 2008 -hospitalized for urinary problems, renal tube blockages, kidney stones, 4 deaths it's a chemical byproduct of industrial manufacturing (not approved for human or animal food in US) used to artificially elevate protein content of food |
|
What is the new artificial protein tactic?
|
Hydrolyzed leather protein
|
|
What are the 4 pathogens transmitted in milk?
|
1: Campylobacter jejuni (also Campylobacter coli)
2: Listeria monocytogenes 3: Yersisnia enterocolitica 4: Q-fever (Coxiella burnetti) |
|
Campylobacter
|
aka "Vibrio"
-leading cause of diarrhea in humans -common infection of birds and domestic animals |
|
Campylobacter jejuni
|
-small,curved, motile rod (corkscrew appearance)
-microaerophilic (5-10% O2) -fastidious -likes 42C -can live in bile 2mos, urine for 5wks -live in jejunum, ileum, colon |
|
How much Campylobacter does it take to make a human sick?
|
have to ingest over 500 organisms
if organism is ingested with food, doesn't take as many organisms (stomach pH is a little higher, doesn't kill as many bacT) |
|
What is the incubation period of Campylobacter?
|
dogs: 7 days
humans: 1-10 days (usually w/in 4 days) |
|
What is the pathogenesis of Campylobacter?
|
1: proliferates in jejunum, ileum, and colon
2: invades cells and produces cytolytic toxin 3: microerosions, glandular hypertrophy, neutrophilic infiltration of lamina propria 4: necrosis of bowel 5: high #s of bacT in feces (1million-1billion per gram), few bacT in mucosa 6: +/- systemic invasion w/agglutinating Ab |
|
Where does Campylobacter come from?
|
commensal in GI tract of wild and domestic ruminants, pigs, dogs, cats, fowl, rodents
|
|
Who are the reservoirs for Campylobacter?
|
primary reservoir: birds
poultry and cattle wild and domestic birds (have higher body temps, 90-100% infection rate) |
|
Who had the highest incidence of Campylobacter of pets?
|
young dogs from pet store, kennel or animal shelter
|
|
How do people get Campylobacter?
|
fecal contamination of food or water
fecal-oral |
|
How do pets get Campylobacter?
|
fecal-oral
|
|
What are the most common sources of Campylobacter contamination for people?
|
unpasteurized milk
water pork and chicken farm animals garden veggies swimming in natural waters drinking well water poultry (farmers) |
|
What is the most common way people get Campylobacter?
|
contaminated food (poultry) and water
|
|
How often do people get Campylobacter from their pets?
|
<5% of cases
|
|
What are the CS of Campylobacter in animals?
|
most are asymptomatic
symptomatic puppies: 3-7 days of diarrhea, +/- anorexia, fever, vomiting adult dogs may be symptomatic just before whelping |
|
What are the CS of Campylobacter in people?
|
can be asymptomatic
fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain recover in 10 days 20% recur or are chronic 1 in 1000 cases gets Guillain-Barre syndrome (demyelination disorder) |
|
How do you Dx Campylobacter?
|
fecal cytology (good at ruling IN)
-smear and gram stain -look for curved or S-shaped rod -Sn: 40% -Sp: 99% fecal culture -easily overgrown -have to use selective media, microaerophilic, 42C |
|
How do you Tx Campylobacter in animals?
|
usually self-limiting
-fluids (PO or IV) -Abx: may reduce relapses and shedding (erythromycin, gentamycin, doxycycline) Dog: erythromycin 40mg/kg QID PO for 5 days Cat: erythromycin 15mg/kg QID PO for 5 days animal has to be isolated at hospital or home wear gloves and dispose of feces properly use disinfectants around litterbox |
|
How do you prevent Campylobacter in people?
|
-pasteurize your milk
-avoid cross contamination from raw to ready to eat food -properly cook meat and poultry -common disinfectants -hand washing |
|
What should I tell clients about Campylobacter?
|
Dog can shed in feces for 40-120 days
warn clients w/young puppies and children if Dx in family, culture the pets and give Abx |
|
What are other names for Listeriosis?
|
"circling disease"
|
|
Who are the reservoirs for Listeria?
|
domestic and wild mammals
birds man can be free-living |
|
What is the prevalence of asymptomatic fecal carriers (animals and people)?
|
5-10%
|
|
What kills Listeria?
|
HTST pasteurization (hot temp, short time)
ultrapasteurization regular (batch) pasteurization doesn't get it |
|
What is ultrapasteurization?
|
280 degrees for 2 minutes
used in Europe don't need to refrigerate (long shelf life) soy milk, creamer packets |
|
What is HTST pasteurization?
|
hot temp short time
71.7C (161F) degrees for 15 seconds |
|
Comparing pasteurization methods
|
batch pasteurization
HTST: 161F for 15 seconds Ultra: 280F for 2 seconds |
|
What bacT causes Listeriosis?
|
Listeria monocytogenes
|
|
Listeria monocytogenes
|
gram positive, facultative intracellular, aerobic rod
can be free living in soil cold enrichment increases Sn of culture |
|
What serovars of Listeria cause human infections?
|
1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c, 4b
responsible for 98% of human infections |
|
Who is at highest risk for Listeria (humans)?
|
immmunosuppressed, pregnant, over 40yrs old, fetus, newborns
|
|
Where does Listeria colonize in the body?
|
CNS, placenta
|
|
Where do people and animals usually pick up Listeria?
|
People: cole slaw, raw milk or cheese, hot dogs, deli meat
Animals: improperly processed corn silage (pH has to be less than 5) |
|
How does milk-borne listeriosis happen?
|
most commonly: from fecal contamination
rarely: from primary mastitis |
|
What are the CS of Listeriosis in people?
|
headache, myalgia, fever, abortion, convulsions, death
20-30% fatality |
|
What are the clinical forms of Listeriosis in people?
|
Meningitis (50% of patients)
Primary bacteremia (25% of patients) localized form (few patients; granulomas, abscesses or primary cutaneous listeriosis [vets]) |
|
What are the forms of Listeriosis in ruminants?
|
most common: meningitis
spontaneous recovery is uncommon septicemia in neonates |
|
What are the CS of Listeriosis in ruminants?
|
-away from group
*-circling* -cranial nerve signs -fever -anorexia, depression, paralysis, death -late abortion, peri-natal death (dam asymptomatic) |
|
How is Listeria transmitted?
|
most common: ingestion
dam to fetus wound or MM roughage penetration orally or intestinally |
|
How do you Dx Listeriosis?
|
Culture (use CSF, meconium)
Serology is unreliable Fluorescent Ab for rapid ID in post-mortem specimens, meat, milk |
|
How do you Tx Listeriosis?
|
Abx EARLY!
-#1 choice is penicillin -others: ceftiofur, erythromycin, TMS, tetracycline, chloramphenicol |
|
How do you prevent Listeriosis?
|
for immunosuppressed or pregnant: properly cook meat, only drink pasteurized milk
for farmers: take precautions when handling aborted fetuses or sick/dead animals only drink pasteurized milk |
|
What bacT causes Yersionosis?
|
mostly; Yersinia enterocolitica
occasionally: Y. pseudotuberculosis |
|
Yersinia enterocolitica
|
-causes Yersiniosis
-gram negative, aerobic rob -pathogenic and non-pathogenic types -produces heat-stable toxin -Sn to gastric acid -can grow at 4C (39-40F) and multiply in water |
|
How is Yersinia transmitted?
|
*-ingestion in food or water*
-may be fecal-oral -in food: meat, milk, veggies -feeding raw pork to pets |
|
How many Yersinia enterocolitica are needed to cause Dz in humans?
|
5 billion
|
|
Who are the reservoirs for Yersinia?
|
PIGS!!!
uncommonly dogs and cats wild and domestic animals birds |
|
Who gets the pathogenic kinds of Yersinia?
|
pigs, dogs, cats, people
|
|
When do we see Yersiniosis?
|
when pigs are slaughtered
|
|
What are the CS of Yersiniosis in dogs?
|
mucoid or bloody diarrhea for several weeks
if necropsied: -enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes -thickened, hyperemic intestine |
|
What is the incubation period of Yersinia in people?
|
4-10 days
|
|
What are the CS of Yersiniosis in people?
|
usually young, old, or immunocompromised
acute gastroenterocolitis septicemia and death possible abdominal pain can look like appendicitis |
|
How do you Dx Yersiniosis?
|
Serology:
-only if you're trying to figure out epidemiology -cross reacts w/Salmonella and Brucella -not useful in dog or cat Fecal culture: -easily overgrown -need 3 successive stools -cold enrichment (4C) and special media neded -need to incubate for 4wks PCR: -fast, high Sn, high Sp |
|
How do you Tx Yersiniosis?
|
supportive (fluids, correct acid-base)
Abx: reasonable but not proven -aminoglycosides, potentiated sulfas, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline Resolution is often spontaneous |
|
What should you tell your clients about Yersiniosis?
|
shedding period of dogs and cats is unknown (children shed for 27 days)
low prevalence in dog and cat, infrequent risk to people culture pets if a family member gets it |
|
How do you prevent Yersiniosis?
|
prevent contamination of food and water by rodents or birds
pasteurize milk properly cook pork (165F) good hygiene (hand washing) |
|
What do you do if your pet gets Yersiniosis?
|
isolate
wear rubber gloves don't put needle caps in your mouth... Tx w/Abx take precautions w/kids, elderly, or immunocompromised |
|
What bacT causes Q-fever?
|
Coxiella burnetii
|
|
Coxiella burnetii
|
have to distinguish from Rikettsia:
-no arthropod vector needed -no rash gram negative, intracellular coccobacillus |
|
What are the 2 forms of Coxiella burnetii?
|
LCV (large cell variant)
-intracelluar in MO and monocytes SCV (small cell variant) -extracellular form found in environment |
|
How do you kill Coxiella burnetii?
|
-140F for 30-60 minutes
-0.5% formalin for 4 days -UV radiation -freezing lasts weeks to months in dust! |
|
How dangerous is Coxiella burnetii (Q-fever) in people?
|
won't kill you, but you'll feel like shit
|
|
What makes Coxiella a good bioterrorism agent?
|
can be spread via aerosol
resistant in the environment |
|
Where do you see Q-fever?
|
Texas, California, NW states
worldwide |
|
When do you see Q-fever?
|
spring lambing season
dairy cattle year-round |
|
Who are hosts for Q-fever?
|
DAIRY CATTLE
wild and domestic mammals birds arthropods |
|
What was pasteurization originally designed to kill?
|
Tuberculosis
|
|
What is pasteurization used to kill now (mainly)?
|
Coxiella burnetii
|
|
What places get exposed Q-fever the most?
|
-meat packing houses
-dairies -research facilities (esp those using pregnant sheep) -wool and hair processing plants -diagnostic labs |
|
What occupations are at increased risk of Q-fever?
|
-sheep and goat herders
-dairy famers -slaughterhouse workers -vets -employees at medical research facilities |
|
How is Q-fever transmitted?
|
direct:
-contact w/infected tissues or secretions -birth fluid of cats and dogs *-exposure to birthing products (massive amt in placenta and amniotic fluid)* indirect: -inhalation of dust d/t milk evaporation -raw milk consumption -tick bite (infrequent, wild animals, transsrdial, transovarial) -person to person (rare) -fomites |
|
What is the pathogenesis of Q-fever?
|
Coxiella burnetii completes life cycle in phagosome (protected from humoral Ab)
immunity is good, long-lasting |
|
How do you Dx Q-fever?
|
isolation:
-from blood, urine, milk, birth fluids, tissues -high risk of laboratory infection (not usually done) serology: -4x increase in IgG Ab or presence of IgM indicates recent infection -IFA, MAT, CF, ELISA -state health dept |
|
Does the government care about Q-fever?
|
YES!!!
Class 3 Bioterrorism agent |
|
What are the CS of Q-fever in people?
|
rarely fatal
often subclinical 4patterns of host response -unapparent infection -acute febrile illness (headache, flu-like) -pneumonic form -extrapulmonary localization |
|
What is the incubation period of Q-fever in people and how long are they sick?
|
incubation: 2-3wks
clinical course: 3-6 days |
|
How do you Tx Q-fever?
|
doxycycline or erythromycin
|
|
What are some complications of Q-fever in people?
|
0.2-0.5% will get osteoarthritis, endocarditis, or vascular inflammation
|
|
Q-fever in domestic animals
|
wear gloves and mask!!!
-abortion in sheep and goats -high #s shed from placenta and birth fluids (environmental seeding) -excreted in milk for a long time |
|
How do you prevent Q-fever?
|
pasteurize your milk!
tetracycline in water for several wks before birthing season vaccine for lab workers (based on skin test) and dairy cattle disinfection w/1-2% bleach monitor serology in sheep (cull positive sheep) |
|
Milk pasteurization types (temps and times)
|
batch pasteurization
-145F, 30 min HTST pasteurization -161F, 15 seconds Ultrapasteurization -280F, 2 seconds |
|
What does FSIS stand for?
|
Food Safety Inspection Service
|
|
What makes up the ante-mortem inspection?
|
-observe animal at rest AND in motion (visual exam)
-individual exam |
|
What is a suspect animal? What happens to it?
|
diseased, abnormal, or suspicion of either
Labelling -silver tag (live animal) -blue tag (carcass) it gets either passed or condemned (whole carcass or just parts can be condemned0 |
|
What is a condemned animal? What happens to it?
|
obviously not suitable for food
Labelling -red tag (live animal) may be held for Tx |
|
What are the purposes of the ante-mortem inspection?
|
1: detect/remove animals w/conditions that will be undetectable on post-mortem inspection
2: prevent contamination of facility 3: gather info for post-mortem disposition **4: withhold animals w/abnormal conditions** 5: cooperation w/Dz-control agencies |
|
What are the reasons to condemn an animal?
|
high temperature
-can't be over 105F: cow, horse, sheep, goat -can't be over 106F: pig numerous Dz and conditions |
|
What if a sheep has ORF?
|
passed!
you remove the contamination along w/the skin |
|
What if a cow has ringworm?
|
passed!
you remove the contamination along w/the skin |
|
What if a pig has "diamond skin Dz?"
|
condemned!
it will be septicemic (can't remove the contamination) |
|
What if a cow has "cancer eye?"
|
-squamous cell carcinoma
-most common in white-faced breeds and high altitude -automatically suspect, then facility will "condition buy" it and seller only gets paid if everything is normal inside -if metastases = condemned |
|
What is a cow has Lumpy Jaw or Wooden Tongue?
|
Actinomyces bovis, Actinobacillosis lignieresii
often only the head is condemned |
|
What happens to Downer animals?
|
-if it's not a cow = automatically suspect; held 24hrs; condemned if worsens
-if you have recent trauma = emergency slaughter -if a cow = condemned automatically b/c of BSE risk |
|
What if a cow has Tuberculosis?
|
will have "T" brand on left jaw and reactor tag in left ear
testing: caudal fold (tail) test, if positive confirm with cervical test automatically suspect, if no lesions or lesions are localized it's passed for cooking (170F for 30 min) if generalized TB = condemned (has to be slaughtered and disposed of under supervision of USDA vet for legal purposes) REPORTABLE |
|
What if a cow/goat has Brucellosis?
|
has "B" brand on left jaw and reactor tag in left ear
no slaughter concerns in cows in goats = BAD (Brucella melatensis, highly pathogenic foreign animal Dz) REPORTABLE |
|
What if animal is moribund?
|
def: has body temp less than 96F (like they're dying)
condemned |
|
What if cow has prolapsed uterus?
|
typically treatable, considered an emergency
can do emergency slaughter if temperature is still normal |
|
Things that will make an animal "suspect" automatically
|
evidence of recent vet visit (catheter, foot wrap, etc)
injection sites (b/c you worry about withdrawal times, ELUD, illegal drugs) |
|
Why would you have an emergency slaughter?
|
humane reasons (for injured animals)
no ante-mortem inspection carcass, head, and viscera held for post-mortem inspection can't be used for human food |
|
What do you do if animal's temp is above upper limit?
|
105 for most, 106 for pigs
is high temp d/t travelling/stress/heatstroke? hold and re-temp in 24hrs -if still high: treat -if normal: redo ante-mortem inspection |
|
What is muscular hemorrhage?
|
"blood splash," "slaughter hemorrhage"
more common in pigs more common w/electrical stunning (doesn't happen w/CO2 or electrical slaughter) -15 seconds from stunning to bleeding in swine petetchiae in muscles (HL, loing FL, diaphragm most common) -stunning makes muscles contract and increases BP --> capillaries empty -then muscles relax and blood is still under pressure--> capillaries rupture |
|
What do you do if you have muscular hemorrhage?
|
it's safe for human use
trim affected areas grind to hide it can discard the carcass |
|
What if a cow has milk fever?
|
fresh cows
may present for slaughter assoc w/recumbency, bruising sternum/hips, edema, bruising in neck, acetone odor, moribund |
|
What if you have inadequate bleeding?
|
differentiate from congestion d/t Dz
no effect on carcass |
|
What if the animal is DOA?
|
unfit for human use
excess blood in lungs, kidneys, liver dark muscle possible odor greenish hue over liver, abdominal walls |
|
What if farmer claims the cow was killed by lightning? .... yeah....
|
you will see burns
-linear, narrow and uniform in width OR -object associated (area where cow was contacting metal is burned) hemorrhage in trachea cows die of cardiac arrest |
|
What if cow has Lumpy Jaw?
|
condemn head
|
|
What if cow has Wooden Tongue?
|
condemn tongue and cervical regoin
if lung is involved = condemn |
|
What is in the post-mortem inspection?
|
head: incise tongue
viscera: examine lymph nodes carcass visual exam for swelling, edema, discoloration, wounds, hemorrhage sniff it for necrotic tissue, uremia, ketosis, creosote palpate for abnormal tissue beneath the surface incise lymph nodes, organs and other tissues (organoleptic techniques) |
|
What are post-mortem dispositions?
|
1: removal and condemnation of diseased of abnormal tissues
**2: localized vs generalized and acute vs chronic** 3: derangement of body f(ns) 4: injurious to health of consumer 5: offensive and repugnant |
|
Localized vs generalized disposition
|
most commonly used
localized: body has contained the process w/o changes to general health generalized: immune system does not contain disease process (loss of health occurs, usually see lymphatic or circulatory involvement) |
|
Acute vs chronic disposition
|
acute
-rapidly moving -often generalized -body can't contain infection -Diamond skin Dz, blackleg, anthrax |
|
Acute vs chronic--> septicemia
|
-advanced, generalized Dz
-usually acute w/many sites -systemic circulation generalized lymphadenitis, multiple hemorrhages, swollen liver/spleen/kidneys |
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acute vs chronic--> pyemia
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-generalized abscessation
-a form of septicemia |
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acute vs chronic--> pyrexia
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fever
|
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acute vs chronic--> toxemia
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-systemic absorption of toxins
-can look like septicemia -may enter body by oral or respiratory route, skin, or a localized Dz area |
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What is "Derangement of Body Functions" in the post-mortem?
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Dz advanced --> impairment of normal body f(n)
inciting Dz may not be reason enough to condemn carcass, but secondary effects can change normal physiology parasitism --> emaciation obstructive urolithiasis --> ureamia CHF --> anasarca hepatic cirrhosis --> icterus |
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What falls under "injurious to health of consumer" on post-mortem?
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toxic, infectious, or otherwise harmful agent in carcass
numerous drugs, anthelmitics, feed additives |
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What falls under "offensive and repugnant" on post-mortem?
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-extreme birth defects
-not aesthetically pleasing BLV: if 1 lymph node looks leukemic entire carcass is condemned |
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STARI is commonly confused with ________.
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Lyme Dz
|
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RMSF occurs most often in ___________ and is slowly moving __________.
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SE states , westward
|
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If you were going to test for BSE, what sample should you get?
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obex
|
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How many types of contagious spongiform encephalopathies have been confirmed in the US?
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3 (BSE, Scrapie, CWD)
|
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What ingredient do tick collars contain?
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amatraz
|
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How many people w/RMSF actually get the petechiae?
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10-15%
|
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What are the 3 products of rendering?
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meat meal
water fat |
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What is organoleptic inspection?
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using all your senses to do your post-mortem inspection (look, feel, smell)
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