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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are diversity niches?
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There are horizontal and parallel niches in any environment. For example, in the rainforest, there are different bugs who live at different heights on and around the trees.
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What is Convergent Evolution?
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Genetically distinct life forms living in similar environments evolve similar characteristics. (The environment selects the "natural selection" traits organisms will have.)
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What is an example of Convergence?
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Shape convergence as seen in Sharks, Fish, Dolphins and Ichthysosaurs. These animals are totally unrelated, and yet because of their environment, they share many characteristics, like shape.
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What is an animal?
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1. Heterotrophic- "Other Feeder" can't make their own food, must eat other organisms.
2. No cell walls. 3. Rapid response to stimuli 4. Sexual Reproducers (most animals) 5. Has mobility at some stage of their life. 6. Multi cellular. All animals have 2 or more cells. |
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What is Heterotrophic?
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"other feeder" Can't make their own food, so they must eat other organisms.
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What are the kinds of Reproduction?
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1. Asexual- one parent provides all the DNA. No sperm, no egg, no fun.
2. Sexual- Two parents provide DNA for one offspring. Egg + sperm. |
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What are the three different types of symmetry?
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1. Asymmetrical- Without symmetry. Ex. Sponges
2. Radial Symmetry- Symmetry of a circle. Can be cut in numerous ways to get equal portions. Ex. Jellyfish. A. Five-parted symmetry or pentamerous radial symmetry. Ex. Sea Stars. 3. Bilateral Symmetry- Can be cut only one way to acheive equal halves. Ex. Humans, and many animals. |
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How old is Earth?
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4.6 billion years old.
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If 4.6 billion years were an hour, how long would human civilization be?
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The last 100th of the last second of that hour.
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What are the largest animal?
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Whales.
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What did whales evolve from?
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An ancient wolf from 50 million years ago.
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How do they know that whales evolved from wolves?
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They found the inner ear of a modern whale in the skull of a 50 million year old wolf skull in Palestine in 1978.
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Was the Sahara Desert always desert?
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No, it used to be an ocean.
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What is the Valley of the Whales?
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A section of the Sahara Desert where many whales skeletons are found.
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What is the difference between how whales and dolphins swim vs. how fish swim?
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Fish swim using a side to side flex of their spine, whales and dolphins flex their spines up and down like otters and other land mammals do when running.
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How many neck vertebrae does every living mammal have?
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7.
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How many tissue layers does a Radially symmetrical form have?
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2.
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How many tissue layers does a Bilaterally symmetrical form have?
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3.
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What are the tissue layers called in a radially symmetrical form?
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1. Ectoderm (outer)
2. Endoderm (inner) |
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What are the tissue layers called in a bilaterally symmetrical form called?
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1. Ectoderm (outer)
2. Endoderm (middle) 3. Mesoderm (inner) |
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What is cephalizaton?
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Having a head end.
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Where is cephalization found?
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In bilaterally symmetrical forms.
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What do you find in cephalization?
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The sense organs and the mouth are usually located on the portion of the organism that meets the environment first.
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What is metamerism or segmentation?
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When a body is divided into repeating units. Humans are segmented. Ex. Limbs, ribs, vertebrae. Found in bilaterally symmetrical forms.
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What are some characteristics of segmentation?
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1. Can be internal or external and can be the entire organism or its parts.
2. One unit is called: segment, somite, metamere. |
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What are the 4 parts of the orientation of a bilateral organism?
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1. Anterior (forward)
2. Posterior (backwards) 3. Dorsal (back) 4. Ventral (belly) |
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What are the three planes or cuts?
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1. Midsagittal cut (or section)- up and down, splitting the organism into right and left parts.
2. Transverse cut (or section)- left to right, any cut across the body. 3. Frontal section (or plane)- up and down cut, splitting the body into front and back. |
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What are the types of skeletons?
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1. Exoskeleton- Exterior skeleton. ex. Crabs.
2. Endoskeleton- Interior skeleton. ex. Humans. |
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What are appendages?
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Extensions of the body. Ex. Antennae, limbs, etc.
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What is the difference between tentacles and antennae?
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Tentacles are soft or flexible extensions and antennae are hard extensions.
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How many Phyla are there and how many do we study?
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There are 29 Phyla, we study 9.
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What are the names of the 9 animal phyla we study?
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1. Porifera.
2. Cnidaria 3. Platyhelminthes 4. Nematoda 5. Annelida 6. Mollusca 7. Arthropoda 8. Echinodermata 9. Chordata |
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What characterizes the Phylum Porifera and give an example.
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Most are marine. This is the oldest known animal phylum.
Ex. Sponges |
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What characterizes the Phylum Cnidaria and give an example.
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May be attached or free living. Radially symmetrical.
Ex. Coral, jellyfish, sea anemones |
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What characterizes the Phylum Platyhelminthes and give an example.
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Bilatterally symmetrical. Chephalization. Some are free living and some are parasitic.
Ex. Flat worm. |
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What characterizes the Phylum Nematoda and give an example.
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Bilatterally symmetrical. Free living or parasitic. The number of species is unknown cause there are so many.
Ex. Round worms. |
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What characterizes the Phylum Annelida and give an example.
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Internally and externally segmented.
Ex. Earth worms. |
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What characterizes the Phylum Arthropoda and give an example.
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Exoskeleton.
Ex. insects, crabs, scorpions, ticks, spiders. |
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What characterizes the Phylum Mollusca and give an example.
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Marine. Fresh water. Terrestrial (live on land.)
Ex. Snails, clams, octopus |
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What characterizes the Phylum Echinodermata and give an example.
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Endoskeletons. All are marine. Pentamerous Radial Symmetry.
Ex. Sea stars, sea cuccumbers. |
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What characterizes the Phylum Chordata and give an example.
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Both invertebrate and vertebrate.
Ex. Humans. |
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What are the 2 kinds of chordates and give examples.
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1. Fish
2. Tetrapods -Amphibians -Reptiles -Birds -Mammals |
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What are the 6 parts of a cell?
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1. Nucleus
2. Cell or plasma membrane 3. Cytoplasmic fluid 4. Mitochondria 5. Cilia 6. Flagellum |
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What is mitochondria?
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The power house of the cell, it generates energy.
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What does a cell use flagellum or cillia for?
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Locomotion.
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What are the 4 types of tissue?
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1. Epilthelial
2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous |
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What are the qualities of Epithelial tissue?
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1. Avascular- no direct blood supply
2. Lines cavities or covers surfaces 3. Glands are derived from Epithelim 4. Ability to regenerate is very good. |
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What do glands do?
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They produce sweat, oil, milk, mucus and hormones.
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What is diffusion?
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The spontaneous movement from high to low concentration. Like when you have smoke in a jar, and it's very dense, and you take the top off the jar, it diffuses into the room, a bigger jar, and loses it's density.
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How does epithelial tissue get nourished?
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Diffusion.
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What does connective tissue do?
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It connects body parts and supports the body.
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What is the content of connective tissue?
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1. has fibers (protein)
2. cells 3. matrix (like jello) |
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What are the different kinds of connective tissue?
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1. Loose- Adipose (fat)
2. Dense- Lots of collagen, a protein 3. Fluid- blood 4. Bone 5. Cartilage- avascular |
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What are the different types of muscle tissue?
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1. Involuntary
2. Voluntary 3. Cardiac |
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What does an involuntary muscle tissue cell look like?
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1 nucleus, long, oval shape.
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What does a voluntary muscle tissue cell look like?
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multi nucleated, long, oval shape and it's striated.
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What does a cardiac muscle tissue cell look like?
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1 nucleus, very long, and finely striated.
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What is the basic unit of nervous tissue?
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Neuron.
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What are the components of a neuron?
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1. nucleus
2. dendrites 3. axon |
