Zoology Prelim Exam

Front 1

_______ (Gr. zoon, animal + logos, to study)is the study of animals.

Back 1

Zoology

Front 2

zoon (Greek)

Back 2

animal

Front 3

logos (Greek)

Back 3

to study

Front 4

Study of the structure of entire organisms and their parts

Back 4

Anatomy

Front 5

Study of the structure and function of cells

Back 5

Cytology

Front 6

Study of the interaction of organisms with their environment

Back 6

Ecology

Front 7

Study of the development of an animal from the fertilized egg to birth or hatching

Back 7

Embryology

Front 8

Study of the mechanisms of transmission of traits from parents to offspring

Back 8

Genetics

Front 9

Study of tissues

Back 9

Histology

Front 10

Study of subcellular details of structure and function

Back 10

Molecular biology

Front 11

Study of animals that live in or on other organisms at the expense of the host

Back 11

Parasitology

Front 12

Study of the function of organisms and their parts

Back 12

Physiology

Front 13

Study of the classification of, and the evolutionary interrelationships among, animal groups

Back 13

Systematics

Front 14

Study of insects

Back 14

Entomology

Front 15

Study of amphibians and reptiles

Back 15

Herpetology

Front 16

Study of fishes

Back 16

Ichthyology

Front 17

Study of mammals

Back 17

Mammalogy

Front 18

Study of birds

Back 18

Ornithology

Front 19

Study of protozoa

Back 19

Protozoology

Front 20

All ________ have two pairs of jaws. The mouth jaws are used for scraping of nipping food, and the throat jaws are used for crushing or macerating food before it is swallowed.

Back 20

cichlids

Front 21

____________ processes have resulted in an estimated 4 to 100 million species of animals living today. (Only 1 million animal species have been described.)

Back 21

Evolutionary

Front 22

_______ _________ (L. evolutus, unroll) is change in the genetic makeup of populations of organisms over time.

Back 22

Organic evolution

Front 23

It is the source of animal diversity, and it explains family relationships within animal groups.

Back 23

Organic evolution

Front 24

_________ not only explains why animals appear and function as they do, but it also explains family relationships within the animal kingdom.

Back 24

Evolution

Front 25

Although ____ ___ _____ (1707-1778) is primarily remembered for collecting and classifying plants, his system of naming - ________ ____________ - has also been adopted for animals.

Back 25

Karl von Linne; binomial nomenclature

Front 26

A two-part name describes each kind of organism. The first part indicates the _____, and the second part indicates the _______ to which the organism belongs.

Back 26

genus; species

Front 27

Above the species and genus levels, organisms are grouped into ________, ______, _______, _____, ________, and _______, based on a hierarchy of relatedness.

Back 27

families, orders, classes, phyla, kingdoms, and domains

Front 28

____________ theory has affected zoology like no other single theory.

Back 28

Evolutionary

Front 29

_______ (Gr. okios, house + logos, to study) is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment.

Back 29

Ecology

Front 30

Two problems, global ______________ and the ____________ or world resources, are the focus of out ecological concerns.

Back 30

overpopulation; exploitation

Front 31

Global ______________ is at the root of virtually all other environmental problems.

Back 31

overpopulation

Front 32

It is estimated that the world population will reach ____ billion by the year 2100.

Back 32

10.4

Front 33

An __________ _______ is in imminent danger of extinction throughout its range (where it lives).

Back 33

endangered species

Front 34

A __________ _______ is likely to become endangered in the near future.

Back 34

threatened species

Front 35

_____ are the basic organizational units of life.

Back 35

Cells

Front 36

__________ cells exhibit a considerable degree of internal organization, with a dynamic system of membranes forming internal compartments called __________.

Back 36

Eukaryotic; organelles

Front 37

_____ are the functional units of life, in which all of the chemical reactions necessary for the maintenance and reproduction of life take place.

Back 37

Cells

Front 38

There are two basic types of cells: ___________ and __________.

Back 38

prokaryotes; eukaryotes

Front 39

The ___________ lack nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles.

Back 39

prokaryotes

Front 40

All __________ ("true nucleus") have cells with a membrane-bound nucleus containing DNA.

Back 40

eukaryotes

Front 41

The ______ ________ is the outer boundary of the cell.

Back 41

plasma membrane

Front 42

_________ (Gr. kytos, hollow vessel + plasm, fluid) is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus.

Back 42

Cytoplasm

Front 43

The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm is called the _______.

Back 43

cytosol

Front 44

The _______ is the cell control center.

Back 44

nucleus

Front 45

The ___________ is the semifluid material in the nucleus.

Back 45

nucleoplasm

Front 46

In 1972, S. Jonathan Singer and Garth Nicolson developed the _____-______ model of membrane structure.

Back 46

fluid-mosaic

Front 47

According to the fluid-mosaic model, a membrane is a double layer (bilayer) of proteins and _____________, and is fluid rather than solid.

Back 47

phospholipids

Front 48

The "_____" of both layers of phospholipid molecules attract each other and are repelled by water (they are hydrophobic, "water dreading").

Back 48

tails

Front 49

As a result, the polar spherical "_____" (the phosphate portion) are located over the cell surfaces (outer and inner) and are "water attracting" (they are hydrophilic).

Back 49

heads

Front 50

The ___________ molecules are embedded in the interior of the membrane and help to make the membrane less permeable to water-soluble substances.

Back 50

cholesterol

Front 51

The membrane proteins are individual molecules attached to the inner or outer membrane surface (__________ proteins) or embedded in it (_________ proteins).

Back 51

peripheral; intrinsic

Front 52

Other _________ proteins help to move ions or molecules across the membrane, and still others attach the membrane to the cell's inner scaffolding (the ____________) or to various molecules outside the cell.

Back 52

intrinsic; cytoskeleton

Front 53

Surface carbohydrates and portions of the proteins and lipids make up the __________ ("cell coat").

Back 53

glycocalyx

Front 54

The __________ is necessary for cell-to-cell recognition and the behavior of certain cells, and it is a key component in coordinating cell behavior in animals.

Back 54

glycocalyx

Front 55

What are the functions of cell membranes?

Back 55

1. Regulate material moving into and out of the cell, and from one part of the cell to another; 2. Separate the inside of the cell from the outside; 3. Separate various organelles within the cell; 4. Provide a large surface area on which specific chemical reactions can occur; 5. separate cells from one another; and 6. are a site for receptors containing specific cell identification markers that differentiate one cell type from another.

Front 56

The ability of the plasma membrane to let some substances in and keep others out is called _________ ____________ (L. permeare or per, through + meare, pass) and is essential for maintaining a "steady state" within the cell.

Back 56

selective permeability

Front 57

Molecules move randomly at all temperatures above absolute zero (-273 C) (due to spontaneous molecular motion) from areas where they are highly concentrated to areas of lower concentration, until they are evenly distributed in a state of dynamic equilibrium. This process is ______ _________ (L. diffundere, to spread).

Back 57

simple diffusion

Front 58

______ _________ accounts for most of the short-distance transport of substances moving into and out of cells.

Back 58

simple diffusion

Front 59

Large molecules and some of those not soluble in lipids require assistance in passing across the plasma membrane. These molecules use ___________ _________, which, like simple diffusion, requires no energy input.

Back 59

facilitated diffusion

Front 60

No cell energy is needed. Molecules move "down" a concentration gradient. Molecules spread out randomly from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration until they are distributed evenly in a state of dynamic equilibrium.

Back 60

Simple diffusion

Front 61

Carrier (transport) proteins in a plasma membrane temporarily bind with molecules and help them pass across the membrane. Other proteins from channels through which molecules move across the membrane.

Back 61

Facilitated diffusion

Front 62

Water molecules diffuse across selectively permeable membranes from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.

Back 62

Osmosis

Front 63

Essentially protein-free plasma moves across capillary walls due to a pressure gradient across the wall.

Back 63

Filtration

Front 64

Active transport Specific carrier proteins in the plasma membrane bind with molecules or ions to help them cross the membrane against a concentration gradient. Cellular energy is required.

Back 64

Active transport

Front 65

The bulk movement of material into a cell by the formation of a vesicle.

Back 65

Endocytosis

Front 66

The plasma membrane encloses small amounts of fluid droplets (in a vesicle) and takes them into the cell.

Back 66

Pinocytosis

Front 67

The plasma membrane forms a vesicle around a solid particle of other cell and draws it into the phagocytic cell.

Back 67

Phagocytosis

Front 68

Extracellular molecules bind with specific receptor proteins on a plasma membrane, causing the membrane to invaginate and draw molecules into the cell.

Back 68

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 69

The movement of material out of a cell. A vesicle (with particles) fuses with the plasma membrane and expels particles or fluids from the cell across the plasma membrane. The reverse of endocytosis.

Back 69

Exocytosis

Front 70

The term ________ (Gr. tonus, tension) refers to the relative concentration of solutes in the water inside and outside the cell.

Back 70

tonicity

Front 71

For example, in an ________ (Gr. isos, equal + tonus, tension) solution, the solute concentration is the same inside and outside a red blood cell.

Back 71

isotonic

Front 72

In a __________ (Gr. hyper, above) solution, the solute concentration is higher outside the red blood cell than inside.

Back 72

hypertonic

Front 73

Because the concentration of water molecules inside the cell is higher than outside, water moves out of the cell, which shrinks. This condition is called _________ in red blood cells.

Back 73

crenation

Front 74

In a _________ (Gr. hypo, under) solution, the solute concentration is lower outside the RBC than inside.

Back 74

hypotonic

Front 75

Conversely, the concentration of water molecules is higher outside the cell than inside. As a result, water moves into the cell, which swells and may burst. This condition is called _____.

Back 75

lysis

Front 76

__________ is a process that forces small molecules across selectively permeable membranes with the aid of hydrostatic (water) pressure (or some other externally applied force, such as blood pressure).

Back 76

Filtration

Front 77

Cell drinking

Back 77

pinocytosis

Front 78

Cell eating

Back 78

phagocytosis

Front 79

Located within microtubule-organizing center; contains nine triple microtubules. Forms basal body of cilia and flagella; functions in mitotic spindle formation.

Back 79

Centriole

Front 80

Organelle that contains chlorophyll and is involved in photosynthesis. Traps, transforms, and uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Back 80

Chloroplast

Front 81

Threadlike processes. They move small particles past fixed cells and are major form of locomotion in some cells.

Back 81

Cilia, flagella

Front 82

The endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, vesicles. Organelles, functioning as a system, to modify, package, and distribute newly formed proteins and lipids.

Back 82

Cytomembrane system

Front 83

Semifluid enclosed within plasma membrane; consists of fluid cytosol, organelles, and other structures. Dissolves substances; houses organelles and vesicles.

Back 83

Cytoplasm

Front 84

Interconnecting microfilaments and microtubules; flexible cellular framework. Assists in cell movement; provides support; site for binding of specific enzymes.

Back 84

Cytoskeleton

Front 85

Fluid part of cytoplasm; enclosed within plasma membrane; surrounds nucleus. Houses organelles; serves as fluid medium for metabolic reactions.

Back 85

Cytosol

Front 86

Extensive membrane system extending throughout the cytoplasm from the plasma membrane to the nuclear envelope. Storage and internal transport; rough type is a site for attachment of ribosomes; smooth type makes lipids.

Back 86

Endoplasmic reticulum

Front 87

Stacks of disklike membranes. Sorts, packages, and routes cell's synthesized products.

Back 87

Golgi apparatus

Front 88

Membrane-bound sphere. Digests materials.

Back 88

Lysosome

Front 89

Rodlike structure containing the protein actin. Gives structural support and assists in cell movement.

Back 89

Microfilament

Front 90

Hollow, cylindrical structure. Assists in movement of cilia, flagella, and chromosomes; transport system.

Back 90

Microtubule

Front 91

Cloud of cytoplasmic material that contains centrioles. Dense site in the cytoplasm that gives rise to large numbers of microtubules with different functions in the cytoskeleton.

Back 91

Microtubule-organizing center

Front 92

Organelle with double, folded membranes. Converts energy into a form the cell can use.

Back 92

Mitochondrion

Front 93

Rounded mass within nucleus; contains RNA and protein. Preassembly point for ribosomes.

Back 93

Nucleolus

Front 94

Spherical structure surrounded by a nuclear envelope; contains nucleolus and DNA. Contains DNA that controls cell's genetic program and metabolic activities.

Back 94

Nucleus

Front 95

The outer bilayered boundary of the cell; composed of protein, cholesterol and phospholipid. Protection; regulation of material movement; cell-to-cell recognition.

Back 95

Plasma membrane

Front 96

Contains RNA and protein; some are free, and some attach to ER. Site of protein synthesis.

Back 96

Ribosome

Front 97

Membrane-surrounded, often large, sac in the cytoplasm. Storage site of food and other compounds; also pumps water out of a cell.

Back 97

Vacuole

Front 98

Cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins shaped like octagonal barrels. Dock at nuclear pores, pick up molecules synthesized in the nucleus, and deliver their load to various places within the cell

Back 98

Vaults

Front 99

Small, membrane-surrounded sac; contains enzymes or secretory products. Site of intracellular digestion, storage or transport.

Back 99

Vesicle

Front 100

____________ _________ are a chemically heterogenous group of protein fibers,…These filaments help to maintain cell shape and the spatial organization of organelles, as well as promote mechanical activities with the cytoplasm.

Back 100

Intermediate filaments

Front 101

The nucleoplasm is the inner mass of the nucleus. In a nondividing cell, it contains genetic material called _________.

Back 101

chromatin

Front 102

_________ consists of a combination of DNA and protein and is the uncoiled, tangled mass of ___________ ("colored bodies") containing the hereditary information in segments of DNA called genes.

Back 102

Chromatin; chromosomes

Front 103

Animals exhibit five major levels of organization. List them.

Back 103

1. Protoplasmic organization; 2. Cellular organization; 3. Tissue level; 4. Organ level; 5. System level.

Front 104

A ______ (Fr. tissu, woven) is a group of similar cells specialized for the performance of a common function.

Back 104

tissue

Front 105

Animal tissues are classifies as __________, __________, ______, or _______.

Back 105

epithelial, connective, muscle, or nervous

Front 106

__________ tissue exists in many structural forms. In general, it either covers or lines something and typically consists of renewable sheets of cells that have surface specializations adapted for their specific roles.

Back 106

epithelial

Front 107

List the functions of epithelial tissue.

Back 107

1. Absorb, the lining of the small intestine; 2. Transport, kidney tubules; 3. Excrete, sweat glands; 4. Protect, the skin; 5. Contain nerve cells for sensory reception, the taste buds in the tongue.

Front 108

__________ can be simple, consisting of only one layer of cells, or __________, consisting of two or more stacked layers.

Back 108

Epithelium; stratified

Front 109

Individual epithelial cells can be flat (________), cube shaped (________), or columnlike (________).

Back 109

squamous; cuboidal; columnar

Front 110

__________ tissues support and bind.

Back 110

Connective

Front 111

In _____ _________ ______ strong, flexible fibers of the protein collagen are interwoven with fine, elastic, and reticular fibers, giving it an elastic consistency and making it an excellent binding tissue ( e.g., binding the skin to underlying muscle tissue).

Back 111

loose connective tissue

Front 112

In _______ _________ ______, the collagen fibers are densely packed and may lie parallel to one another, creating very strong cords, such as tendons (which connect muscles to bones or to other muscles) and ligaments (which connect bones to bones).

Back 112

fibrous connective tissue

Front 113

_______ ______ is a type of loose connective tissue that consists of large cells that store lipids. Most often, the cells accumulate in large numbers to form what is commonly called fat.

Back 113

Adipose tissue

Front 114

_________ is a hard yet flexible tissue that supports such structures as the outer ear and forms the entire skeleton of such animals as sharks and rays.

Back 114

Cartilage

Front 115

Cells called ____________ lie within spaces called lacunae that are surrounded by a rubbery matrix that chondroblasts secrete.

Back 115

chondrocytes

Front 116

_____ _________ ______ contains numerous fibroblasts that produce collagenous and elastic fibers. Location: Widely distributed under the epithelia of the human body. Function: Wraps and cushions organs.

Back 116

Loose connective tissue

Front 117

_______ _________ ______ consists largely of tightly packed collagenous fibers. Location: Dermis of the skin, submucosa of the digestive tract, and fibrous capsules of organs and joints. Function: Provides structural strength.

Back 117

Fibrous connective tissue

Front 118

_______ _________ cells are located in lacunae surrounded by intercellular material containing fine collagenous fibers. Location: forms embryonic skeleton; covers ends of long bones; and forms cartilage of nose, trachea, and larynx. Function: Support and reinforcement.

Back 118

Hyaline cartilage

Front 119

_______ _________ contains fine collagenous fibers and many elastic fibers in its intercellular material. Location: External ear, epiglottis. Function: Maintains a structure's shape while allowing great flexibility.

Back 119

Elastic cartilage

Front 120

______________ contains many large, collagenous fibers in its intercellular material. Location: Intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis, and disks of knee joint. Function: Absorbs compression shock.

Back 120

Fibrocartilage

Front 121

_______ _________ contains fine collagenous fibers and many elastic fibers in its intercellular material. Location: External ear, epiglottis. Function: Maintains a structure's shape while allowing great flexibility.

Back 121

Elastic cartilage

Front 122

______________ contains many large, collagenous fibers in its intercellular material. Location: Intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis, and disks of knee joint. Function: Absorbs compression shock.

Back 122

Fibrocartilage

Front 123

____ (osseous) tissue. ____ matrix is deposited in concentric layers around osteonic canals. Function: Supports, protects, provides lever system for muscles to act on, stores, calcium and fat, and forms blood cells.

Back 123

Bone; bone

Front 124

_____ is a connective tissue in which a fluid called plasma suspends specialized red and white _____ cells plus platelets.

Back 124

Blood; blood

Front 125

_______ tissue is composed of several different types of cells: Impulse-conducting cells are called _______; cells involved with protection, support, and nourishment are called _________; and cells that form sheaths and help protect, nourish, and maintain cells of the peripheral nervous system are called peripheral _____ cells.

Back 125

Nervous; neurons; neuroglia; glial

Front 126

________ ______ ______ is composed of striated muscle fibers (cells) that are long and cylindrical and contain many peripheral nuclei. Function: Voluntary movement, locomotion.

Back 126

Skeletal muscle tissue

Front 127

______ ______ ______ is formed of spindle-shaped cells, each containing a single centrally located nucleus; not striated. Location: Mostly in the walls of hollow organs. Function: Moves substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control.

Back 127

Smooth muscle tissue

Front 128

_______ ______ ______ consists of branched striated cells, each containing a single nucleus and specialized cell junctions called intercalated disks that allow ions to move quickly from cell to cell.

Back 128

Cardiac muscle tissue

Front 129

______ are the functional units of an animal's body that are made up of more than one type of tissue.

Back 129

Organs

Front 130

An _____ ______ is an association of organs that together performs an overall function.

Back 130

organ system

Front 131

Skin, hair, nails. Protection, thermoregulation.

Back 131

Integumentary system

Front 132

Brain, spinal cord, nerves. Regulation of other body systems.

Back 132

Nervous system

Front 133

Hormone-secreting glands, such as the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenals. Secretion of regulatory molecules called hormones.

Back 133

Endocrine system

Front 134

Bones, cartilages. Movement and support.

Back 134

Skeletal system

Front 135

Skeletal muscles. Movements of the skeleton.

Back 135

Muscular system

Front 136

Heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels. Movement of blood and lymph.

Back 136

Circulatory system

Front 137

Bone marrow, lymphoid organs. Defense of the body against invading pathogens.

Back 137

Immune system

Front 138

Lungs, airways. Gas exchange.

Back 138

Respiratory system

Front 139

Kidneys, ureters, urethra. Regulation of blood volume and composition.

Back 139

Urinary system

Front 140

Mouth, stomach, intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas. Breakdown of food into molecules that enter the body.

Back 140

Digestive system

Front 141

Gonads, external genitalia, associated glands and ducts. Continuation of the human species.

Back 141

Reproductive system