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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Prokaryotes |
No membrane-bound nucleus or organelles Small size Circular DNA molecule Cell division by binary fission or budding First known cells |
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Eukaryotes |
Membrane-bound nucleus, organelles Large Homologous chromosomes Mitosis Evolved from prokaryotes |
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Endosymbiotic Theory |
"endo" = inside "symbiotic" = life together explains origin of cellular organelles |
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Endosymbiotic Theory Evidence |
1) double membranes on chloroplasts & mitochondria 2) organelles with own DNA - circular molecules 3) size of organelles similar to prokaryotes 4) endosymbiotic relationships occur in many Protists today |
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Levels of Organization |
1) Protoplasmic: unicellular level; organelles carry out functions (Protozoans) 2) Cellular: aggregation of cells; division of labor (Sponges) 3) Tissue: group of similar cells organized to carry out particular function (Jellyfish) 4) Organ: Composed of tissues and have more specialized function (flatworms) 5) Organ system: organs work together to carry out a specific function |
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Four main tissue types |
1) Epithelial: protective covering of body; linings of organs, ducts, passages (epidermis) 2) Connective: cells (fewer) & fibers embedded in matrix (blood, fat, bone) 3) Muscular: most abundant in animals; muscle fiber; from embryonic mesoderm (skeletal, cardiac, smooth) 4) Nervous: reception of stimuli & conduction of impulse (neurons) |
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Diploblastic |
2 embryonic tissue layers |
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Triploblastic |
3 embryonic tissue layers |
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Body Symmetry |
Asymmetry: no planes of regular symmetry (sponges) Radial symmetry: lines of symmetry exist, but only in vertical planes (cnidaria) Bilateral symmetry: only one plane of symmetry; divides animal into symmetrical halves; axis passes from front to back; found in animals with controlled mobility; front end confronts the environment first |
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Cephalization |
Presence of a head |
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Body Cavity |
Body cavity = coelom; fluid-filled space between body wall and digestive tube Acoelomate: solid body; only cavity is digestive tube; mesoderm (Flatworms) Pseudocoelomate: "false" body cavity' not fully lined with tissue derived from mesoderm (roundworms) Coelomate: true body cavity; fully lined with tissue derived from mesoderm; muscle, mesentery (insects)
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Zygote |
Fertilized egg |
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Blastula |
Ball of cells arranged around fluid filled cavity (blastocoel) |
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Gastrula |
Gastrulation: cells of blastula rearrange to form 3 layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) Primitive gut forms (archenteron) Opening to outside (blastopore) |
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Protostome vs Deuterostome |
Protostome: 1) Spiral cleavage 2) Mosaic embryo 3) Blastopore becomes mouth, anus forms secondarily 4) Coelom forms by splitting (schizocoelous) Deuterostome: 1) Radial cleavage 2) Regulative embryo 3) Blastopore becomes anus, mouth forms secondarily 4) Coelom forms by outpocketing (enterocoelous) |
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Metamerism |
- serial repetition of similar body segments along longitudinal axis of the body - "metameres" (segments) - greater mobility, complexity, specialization |
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Kinds of Protistans |
Protozoans: Heterotrophic/ingestion Algae: autotrophic/photosynthesis Slime molds: heterotrophic |
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Phylum Retortamonada |
Giardia: parasite of the small intestine backpacker's diarrhea cysts ingested in contaminated water 2 haploid nuclei no mitochondria |
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Phylum Euglenozoa |
Trypanosoma: free-living and parasitic forms some autotrophic with chloroplasts two flagella stiffened cell membrane brucei - African sleeping sickness - tsetse fly cruzi - Chagas' Disease - assassin bug leishmania - Leshmaniasis - sand fly |
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Phylum Apicomplexa |
All endoparasites Cilia and flagella largely absent Apical complex at anterior end Toxoplasma - toxoplasmosis Plasmodium - malaria |
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Phylum Ciliophora |
Cilia - movement Macronucleus - polypoid Micronuclei - diploid |
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Phylum Dinoflagellata |
2 flagella Planktonic - primary producers Photosynthetic - fucoxanthin (yellow/brown pigment) Some parasitic Some form mutualisms Pfiesteria - causes lesion, stun and kill fish Red tide - harmful algal blooms that produce toxin that affect nervous system of vertebrates |
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Phylum Amoebozoa |
Pseudopodia - false feet; engulf food - phagocytosis Soil and water Some parasitic Amebic dysentery - entamoeba histolytica |
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Kingdom Animalia - General Characteristics |
Multicellular eukaryotes Specialized cells - tissues in most Heterotrophic - Internal digestion Locomotion Reproduction usually sexual |
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Vertebrates vs Invertebrates |
33-35 phyla 1 contains animals with a backbone <5% of all animals |
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Porifera |
All aquatic mostly marine Cells not organized into tissues Many brightly colored Mostly asymmetrical No nervous system Sexual and asexual reproduction |
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Porifera body plan |
Ostia: incurrent pores Osculum: excurrent opening Choanocytes: flagellate collar cells Mesenchyme cells: amoeboid cells in matrix multiple functions Mesphyl: gelatinous matrix |
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Types of structures |
Asconoid: simplest; choanocytes line spongocoel Syconoid: folded body wall forms incurrent & radial canals Leuconoid: most complex; greater size; most sponges |
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Sexual Reproduction in Sponges |
Hermaphroditic Gamete development Fertilization in mesohyl Larval development internal in most |
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Coral Reef Structure |
Barrier Reef - parallel to shore; deep lagoon Fringing Reef - close to shore; no lagoon or narrow lagoon Atoll - reefs encircle lagoon; sunken volcanic island (Darwin's Theory) |
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Coral Bleaching |
Loss of symbiotic dinoflagellates that occurs with increased ocean temperatures |
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Symbiotic Relationships |
Hydrozoans living on the shell of a hermit crab: mutualistic; protection; food and movement Hermatypic (Reef-building) Coral: mutualism with dinoflagellates; conduct photosynthesis; waste products of coral Commensalism: (one helps another without harming the other) mutualistic; damsel fish protection from anenome; ventilate anemone, free of sediment |
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Phylum Platyhelminthes |
Bilateral symmetry: cephalization Some free-living; most parasitic (>80%) Triploblastic (ectoblastic, endoderm, mesoderm) Acoelomate: solid body Dorso-ventrally flattened Branched intestines: extra cellular and intracellular digestion Excretory structures: osmoregulation Nervous system & cephalization Sexual and asexual reproduction no respiratory system: diffusion no circulatory system: diffusion |