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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of body cavity do Echinoderms possess?
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True coelom
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Is the ultimate fate of the blastopore the mouth or anus in Echinoderms? Are they Protostomes or Deuterostomes?
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Anus - Deuterostomes
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What type of symmetry do adult echinoderms possess? What type do echinoderm larvae possess?
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Secondary pentaradial. Bilateral.
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What type of skeletons do echinoderms have? What is their endoskeleton composed of? When the endoskeleton is composed of interlocking calcerous plates (as in Echinoidea) what is it called?
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Dermal endoskeleton. Calcerous spicules and/or ossicles. A test.
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Most echinoderms use these structures for both locomotion and supplementary respiration.
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Tube feet |
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Asteroideans use these structures for both respiration and excretion.
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Dermal branchiae (skin gills) |
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What structure do Holothuroideans use for both respiration and defense?
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Respiratory tree (cuverian tubules) aka "orange goop"
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What unique vascular system is shared by all echinoderms?
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Water vascular system. Provides hydraulic power for locomotion and prey capture.
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Do echinoderms have a Central Nervous System? If not, what do they have instead?
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No. A nerve net/ distributed central nervous system.
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Name the 5 clades (classes) of Echinodermata and give an example of each.
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-Asteroidea- sea stars
-Holothuroidea- sea cucumber -Echinoidea-sea urchins, sand dollars -Ophiuroidea- brittle stars and basket stars -Crinoidea- crinoids, sea lilies, feather stars |
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What terrifying, specialized feeding structure do clade Echinoidea possess?
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Aristotle's lantern.
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Which stomach is everted in sea star feeding?
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Cardiac stomach |
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What structure do Holothuroideans (sea cucumbers) eject in defense?
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Part of the respiratory tree (Cuverian tubules) |
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Tube feet are found within which Asteroidean structure?
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Ambulacral groove |
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Which side of a sea star contains the Madreporite? Which side has the tube feet? (oral or aboral).
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Aboral, Oral.
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What type of reproduction do echinoderms use?
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Asexual OR sexual reproduction.
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What is the function of pedicellariae? Where are they found?
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Pedicellariae are pincer-like structures that clean the body surface of parasites and foreign debris.
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What are the functions of the Madreporite?
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Filtration, pressure regulation, and input for water into the water vascular system.
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Label the following structures. |
A. Madreporite
B. Stone Canal C. Ring Canal D. Radial Canal E. Ampullae F. Tube Feet |
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What are the five features common to all chordates at some time in their development? What are their functions?
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-Postanal tail - locomotion/mobility
-Endostyle/thyroid gland - secrete mucus to trap food in the pharyngeal gill slits -Pharnygeal gill slits - filter feeding -Notochord - muscle attachment -Dorsal hollow nerve tube - provides nervous control |
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Do all Chordates possess a cranium?
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No. Tunicates and Cephalochordata do not.
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What is the precursor of the spinal cord in vertebrates?
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Dorsal hollow nerve tube
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What is the precursor of vertebrae in vertebrates?
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Notochord
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Describe the first chordates as recently understood by molecular data and fossil evidence.
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Free-swimming but lancelet-like, jawless organisms with a notochord but without vertebrae. Possessed a cranium. Possibly Haikouella or a closely related genus.
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Label the structures |
A. Incurrent Sophon
B. Excurrent Siphon C. Pharyngeal gill slits D. Tunic |
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Describe the life history of Tunicates.
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While larval tunicates are free-swimming, adults are sessile.
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Do Tunicates have a post-anal tail?
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Yes, but only as larvae |
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What is the rostrum?
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The "beak or snout" of amphioxus/lancelets.
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What are myomeres?
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Striated muscle fibers that attack to the notochord. Provide power to swim and burrow.
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Describe the feeding habits of lancelets/amphioxus.
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Burrow into substrate until only their heads are visible. Use their pharyngeal gill slits to trap detritus suspended in the water (suspension feeding).
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Describe the life history of lampreys.
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Are parasitic. Juvenile ammocoetes live in sandy river bottoms filter-feeding 3-5 years before metamorphosis into adult, parasitic forms. Adults migrate out to sea and live the majority of their lives in a marine environment, this is an anadromous life style.
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What are lamprey larvae called? |
Ammocoetes |
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What does Anadromous mean? How does it relate to lamprey?
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Anadromous means returning to rivers and streams from the ocean to spawn. Lamprey and salmon do this.
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What does Catadromous mean? How does it relate to eels?
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Catadromous means leaving rivers and streams to go to the ocean to spawn. European eels do this.
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How are pharyngeal gill slits used in lamprey?
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Filter feeding in larvae. Respiration in adults. |
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How is the endostyle used in lamprey?
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Secretes mucus for filter feeding in larvae |
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Do lamprey have vertebrae?
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No, only a notochord |
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Do lamprey have paired fins?
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No |
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What are buccal papillae? What is their function?
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Finger-like projections from the lamprey's mouth. They aid in firmly attaching to the host and also serve a sensory function while swimming and while attached.
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What are horny teeth?
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Keratinous (not enamel-based!) teeth used by the lamprey to rasp its way through host skin or scales. They are found adjacent to the buccal papillae.
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What type of skeleton do Chondrichthyans possess?
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Cartilaginous |
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What type of circulatory system do Chondrichthyans have?
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Closed |
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What structures do Chondrichthyans use for buoyancy?
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Heterocercal tails, large livers, squalene oil. Saying have to swim constantly is not an answer!
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What specialized sensory structures do Chondrichthyans possess?
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Well-developed olfactory system, lateral line system, ampullae of lorenzini.
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What is olfaction?
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Sense of smell |
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What is the function of the lateral line system?
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Detects vibrations, pressure changes, and current directions.
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What are the ampullae of lorenzini?
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Gel-filled capsules on Chondrichthyans lower jaw that detect changes in electrical potential (such as the bioelectric signature of nearby animals).
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Are Chondrichthyes endothermic or ectothermic?
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Ectothermic, though big sharks are gigantothermic and many lamnid sharks are regionally endothermic.
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What type of fertilization do chondrichthyes use? What structures are used for fertilization?
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Internal fertilization. Males use claspers. Females have cloacas.
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Do Chondrichthyans have paired fins or jaws?
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Both |
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What type of scales do Chondrichthyans have?
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Placoid scales/denticles |
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What is the function of spleens in Chondrichthyans? How is this different from in most vertebrates?
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Chondrichthyan spleens produce Red Blood Cells (RBCs) and recycle old RBCs. Most vertebrates use bone marrow to produce RBCs.
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What is the function of the spiral valve/ileum?
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To increase surface area for nutrient absorption in the intestines.
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Where does water enter a shark's respiratory system? Where does it exit?
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Water enters through the mouth and spiracle and exits through the gills. Water entering the spiracle oxygenates the brain and eyes more directly.
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Why are sharks constant swimmers?
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They must move forward to keep water flowing through their gills to breathe. If they stop moving for too long, they die.
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Which clades are included within Osteichthyes?
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Actinopterygii (bony ray-finned fish) and Sarcopterygii (bony lobe-finned fish) -- Osteichthyes is the clade of bony fish, but includes these two flavors.
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What is the endoskeleton in Osteichthyes composed of relative to Chondrichthyes?
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Bone. In Chondrichthyes the endoskeleton is cartilage.
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The clade that includes Osteichthyes and Chondrichthyes that means "jawed mouth" is what?
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Gnathostomata |
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What type of tail do members of Osteichthyes possess?
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Homocercal tail |
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How does respiration differ in Actinopterygians relative to Chondrichthyes?
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Actinopterygians possess gill opercula (hard, bony flaps that protect the gill filaments and allow water to be pumped over the gills) and gill rakers (bony rays that support the gill filaments and that prevent food from becoming ensnared within the filaments). The muscular gill opercula allow Actinopterygians to breathe without moving.
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What structures do Actinopterygians use for buoyancy? How do they differ from Chondrichthyes?
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Actinopterygians use a swim bladder to maintain buoyancy. Chondrichthyans use their huge livers (which secrete squalene oil) and their heterocercal tails (which generate lift) to stay afloat.
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What sensory organs to Actinopterygians possess? Which structures do they lack relative to Chondrichthyans?
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They have olfactory organs and a lateral line system. Their olfactory organs are less complex than some predatory Chondrichthyans, and they lack the bioelectrical sensing organs called the ampullae of Lorenzini.
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Are Actinopterygians endothermic or ectothermic?
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Generally ectothermic, though the largest Actinopterygians are facultative endotherms (e.g. gigantotherms).
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What type of fertilization is characteristic of Actinopterygians (and Osteichthyes as a whole)?
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External fertilization.
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What type of circulatory system is characteristic of Actinopterygians?
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A single-circuit system composed of a two-chambered heart
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What does a single-circuit circulatory system mean?
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The heart only pumps deoxygenated blood (i.e. blood is oxygenated at the gills and then circulated to the rest of the body without being pumped by the heart). A double-circuit system would mean that there is both a pulmonary (lung) and systemic (body) circuit of blood, both pumped through the heart.
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What structure in Actinopterygians produces and degrades RBCs?
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The spleen! They have bones, but no bone marrow.
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From which group of Osteichthyans did tetrapods arise? What does tetrapod mean?
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Tetrapods are derived sarcopterygians (lobe-finned fishes). Tetrapod means 4-footed.
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From what structure(s) did tetrapod lungs evolve?
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From the primitive lung-like structures of Sarcopterygians which are themselves derived forms of Osteichyans swim bladders. Swim bladders are derived from digestive tissue of a more distant common ancestor, which explains both why lungfish "gulp" air and why the trachea and esophagus are so inconveniently part of the same body cavity in humans (e.g. why we can choke and hiccup due to malfunctions eating and drinking that involve the trachea).
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While all clades of terrestrial vertebrates belong to clade Tetrapoda, which extant group today is often described as the "transition from land to water" and retains some characteristics of fish? What are these traits?
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Amphibia. Gills at least in the larval form, weak eggs without shells that require water for gas and waste exchange and that cannot be laid on land, no parental care, and external fertilization.
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What derived characteristics do amphibians possess that allowed them to expand onto land?
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Simply, lungs and legs. The muscled lobes of Sarcopterygians developed to allowed them escape predation by coming onto the banks of rivers and swamps (or to allow predatory sarcopterygians to come onto land and ambush aquatic prey). These structures were further exapted (adapted to a novel function from an ancestral structure adapted for something else), to become limbs to allow more efficient locomotion on land. Likewise, lungs probably evolved to allow exploitation of brackish, anoxic (oxygen-poor) water and to allow more extended stays on land. Animals that could make use of these otherwise inaccessible habitats experienced decreased predation or greater differential success, leading to the positive natural selection of these amphibian traits. This is an example of an adaptive radiation.
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Are amphibians ectothermic or endothermic?
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Ectothermic |
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What type of development is characteristic of amphibians? Do their young possess any traits that are indicative of their origins?
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Metamorphosis. Larval amphibians have gill, while their adult forms have lungs. Larval forms are also usually adapted exclusively to an aquatic lifestyle and develop more terrestrial-oriented appendages as adults.
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How many chambers do Amphibian heart have? Do they have a single circuit or double circuit system?
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3 chambers (2 atria and 1 ventricle). Double circuit, but deoxygenated and oxygenated blood mixes.
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How is the circulatory/cardiovascular system of amphibians inefficient?
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Deoxygenated and oxygenated blood mixes, reducing the concentration of O2 to reach body tissues.
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What structures do amphibians use to breathe? What is the type of breathing that they use on land?
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Gills (as larvae), lungs (as adults), and skin (both, though some people would say that the mouth is another way they breathe, really this is just an area of skin with a large surface area that is especially thin and possesses a large surface area). Positive pressure breathing.
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Describe positive pressure breathing. What structure do they lack that mammals possess?
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Positive pressure breathing is pushing air into the lungs rather than pulling it in by creating a vacuum. While amphibians exhale by contracting the thoracic cavity like mammals, they inhale by gulping air, forcing it into their lungs. They lack a (thoracic) diaphragm, the muscular sheet that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and that expands our thoracic cavities (and by extension lungs) creating a vacuum that pulls in air when we inhale.
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What structure do adult axolotls and mudpuppies lack? What larval characteristic do they retain?
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Lungs. External gills. These salamanders are called neotenic, meaning that they retain juvenile characteristics into adulthood. Humans are often considered to be neotenic apes because we are hairless, have large heads relative to our body sizes, and have short fingers about the same lengths as our thumbs like many other primate infants.
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What strategy is employed by some axolotls and mudpuppies when their source of water dries up?
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In the case of axolotls especially, the adults will develop lungs when exposed to drought conditions to allow them to leave their body of water and find another. Some salamanders will also burrow into mud and form a cocoon similar to that of lungfish under drought conditions, but this strategy is rarer.
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