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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Three major classes of annelids: ___[3] |
Oligochaeta (terrestrial and freshwater worms), Hirudinea (leeches), Polychaeta (marine worms) |
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Characteristics of Polychaeta: ___[3] |
Well-developed head, free living, parapodia present |
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Characteristics of Oligochaeta: ___[3] |
Undeveloped head, setae, no parapodia |
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Characteristics of Hirudinea: ___[5] |
Mostly ectoparasites, suckers at both ends, flattened body, reduced coelom, no setae |
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Segments are called ___ that act as the ___, separated by ___ in annelids |
Metameres, hydrostatic skeleton, septa |
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Annelids have true segmentation with repetition of ___, unlike ___, except for ___ |
Internal organs, strobilation, the digestive system |
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Each septa is part of the ___ lining, containing ___ and ___ |
Mesodermal, coelomic fluid, longitudinal and circular muscle |
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Advantages of metamerism: ___[4] |
Increased burrowing due to independent movement of segments, more sophisticated nervous system, safety factor if one segment fails, modified for other functions |
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Part of the head is the ___, which contains sensory and feeding organs, after which is the ___, and at the very end is the ___; all are characterized by ___, so they are not true segments |
Prostomium, peristomium, pygidium, having no setae |
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Polychaetes have many more ___ on their ___ than do Oligochaetes, but both have ___ in them |
Setae, parapodia, musculature |
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The basic nervous system of annelids is ___ |
A brain connected to a pair of ventral longitudinal nerve cords with a ganglion in each |
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Annelid circulatory systems are ___, with several ___ (the earthworm has ___, for example) |
Closed, hearts, 5 |
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Annelid excretory systems have ___, with ___ that remove waste from the ___, opening to the outside via ___ |
Paired metanephridia, excretory tubes with ciliated funnels, coelomic fluid, excretory pores |
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The digestive system of annelids is ___ |
Differentiated along its length |
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The ___ of the metanephridia filters fluid from the segment just ___ to the rest of the metanephridial surface |
Collecting funnel, anterior |
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The respiratory system in annelids is ___, except for some polychaetes, which have ___ |
Mostly absent, gills |
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Annelid reproduction is mostly ___, like the usage of the ___ by earthworms, but some polychaeates reproduce dioeciously, either through ___ or ___ |
Monoecious, clitellum, spawning, epitokes |
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Steps of earthworm reproduction: ___[5] |
Sperm exchange, deposition of eggs in a band that becomes the cocoon, fertilization, cocoon slipping off, birth |
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Some polychaetes’ posterior portions become ___, which are temporary reproductive organs that occur synchronously, breaking off and releasing ___ |
Epitokes, gametes |
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Sedentary polychaetes can be ___[4] types |
Burrowing deposit, burrowing suspension, solitary tube-building suspension, colonial tube-building suspension |
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Tubes made by polychaetes can be made of ___[3] |
Calcium carbonate, agglutinate, parchment |
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Errant polychaete worm examples are ___[2] |
Clamworm, fireworm |
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Examples of sedentary suspension feeders are ___[2], and ___ are deposit feeders |
Spaghetti worm, tube worm, lugworms |
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___, the parchment worm, has extreme modifications of segments that function as ___ or ___ |
Chaetopterus, fans, mucous nets |
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The ___ may be the larval or adult form of a chaetopteran, but no one is sure yet |
Pig butt worm |
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The ___, or ___, are vent worms that used to be considered part of Phylum ___ but are now classified as ___ |
Siboglinids, bearded worms, Pogonophora, polychaetes |
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Vent worms characteristics: ___[3] |
Segmentation only on posterior end, absence of digestive tract, trophosome for housing chemosynthetic bacteria |
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The ___, or ___, is related to vent worms and feeds on whale carcasses |
Osedax, bone-eating snot flower |
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Movement in leeches can be either ___ or ___, due to the lack of ___ |
Suckers, erratic swimming, septa |
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Leeches’ class name is so because of ___, which is an anticoagulant, although many are actually predaceous |
Hirudin |
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Reasons for arthropod success: ___[3] |
Exoskeleton, jointed appendages, metamerism |
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The arthropod exoskeleton is made of ___, occasionally with fused segments called ___ |
Chitin, tagmata |
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Chelicerates have a cephalothorax of ___ segments, with ___ appendages |
6; 1 pair chelicerae, 1 pair pedipalps, 4 pairs walking legs |
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Crustaceans have a cephalothorax of ___ segments, with ___ appendages |
13; 2 pairs antennae, 1 pair mandibles, 2 pairs maxillae, 3 pairs maxillipeds, 5 pairs walking legs |
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Crustaceans have ___ pairs of walking legs, but the first pair are modified into ___ |
5, chelipeds |
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Appendages are either ___(one branched) or ___(two branched), but only in the class ___ |
Uniramous, biramous, Crustacea |
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Advantages of exoskeleton: ___[5] |
Strong support, rigid levers for muscles, protection, barrier to dessication, barrier to infection |
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Disadvantages of exoskeleton: ___[3] |
Restricted movement, limited growth, limited sensory connections |
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The problem of restricted movement of the exoskeleton is solved by ___, but only the ___ is reduced, which hardens in a position called ___ |
Jointed appendages, exocuticle, sclerotization |
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If the hardened body came first, it is called ___, and if the hardened appendages came first, it is called ___, but evidence from the ___ provides evidence for ___ |
Arthrodization, arthropodization, Lobopodia, arthropodization |
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Limited growth due to the exoskeleton is solved by ___, which causes limits on ___ |
Ecdysis, size |
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Sensory input limitations due to the exoskeleton is solved by ___ like ___ |
Sensory structures, setae |
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In arthropods, tactile sensory receptors are ___ setae that ___, while smell and taste receptors are ___ setae, with ___ |
Solid, connect to nerves, hollow, chemosensory nerve endings |
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The exoskeleton is composed of ___[2], with an outer surface called the ___, the thicker portion called the ___, made of ___ on the outside and ___ on the inside |
Chitin, glycoprotein; epicuticle, procuticle, exocuticle, endocuticle |
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In the exocuticle, the ___ chains are linked, in a process called ___ |
Glycoprotein, tanning |
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Notes on arthropod ecdysis: ___[2] |
Epicuticle is secreted, endocuticle is dissolved |
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Steps of ecdysis: ___[4] |
Procuticle separates from epidermis, new exocuticle is secreted, old cuticle is discarded, new cuticle is stretched |
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Ecdysis is under ___ control; for example, ___ interacts only with some cell types |
Hormonal, ecdysone |
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Steps of hormonal control of molting: __[4] |
Blood meal triggers neurosecretory cells to activate corpus cardiacum, corpus cardiacum stimulates prothoracic gland to secrete ecdysone, ecdysone releases into blood, ecdysone stimulates epithelial cells |
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Possibilities for trigger of molting: ___[3] |
Size, nutrition, photoperiod |
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___ in later instars could be cue for ecdysis in molting in the tobacco hornworm, since ___ does not increase |
Oxygen deficit, tracheal volume |
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Types of metamorphosis: ___[3] |
Ametabolous, hemimetabolous, holometabolous |
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___ secretes juvenile hormone, which causes ___ |
Corpus allatum, epidermal cells to secrete juvenile cuticle |
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When the corpora allata was removed from a caterpillar, ___, and when it was implanted, ___ |
The adult was very small, the adult was very large |
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Juvenile hormone suppresses ___, which normally develop during the ___ stage after ___ |
Imaginal discs, pupal, programmed apoptosis |
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In crustacean molting, the ___ secretes molting hormone, but is inhibited by the ___ located in the ___ |
Y-gland, X-organ, eyestalks |
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____ larvae are common to all crustaceans; shrimp, for example, have two more stages: ___[2] |
Nauplius, protozoea, mysis |
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___ and ___ are located within group Pancrustacea, with the addition of ___ making Mandibulata, and ___ making Arthropoda |
Hexapoda, Crustacea, Myriapoda, Chelicerata |
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Crustacea and Hexapoda are located within group ___, with the addition of Myriapoda making ___, and Chelicerata making ____ |
Pancrustacea, Mandibulata, Arthropoda |
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The first arthropods to become truly terrestrial were likely ___, although ___ also show signs |
Myriapoda, horseshoe crabs |
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Trilobites were divided into three ___, the ___[3], and they had ___ eyes |
Tagmata; cephalon, thorax, pygidium; compound |
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The term trilobite derives from three lobes, the ___[3] |
Left pleural, right pleural, axial |
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Class ___ are horseshoe crabs, with a large dorsal ___ that has ___ eyes |
Merostomata, carapace, compound and simple |
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Horseshoe crabs possess ___ appendages, a long tail called the ___, and gill plates called ___ |
Chelicerae, pedipalps, and 4 pairs of walking legs; telson, book gills |
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Scorpions, Order ___, are descended from giant water scorpions, ___, and their ___ are modified into pincers |
Scorpionida, Eurypterids, pedipalps |
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Order ___, or spiders, have a distinct ___ and ___ with the ___, along with an abdomen that is ___ |
Araneae, prosoma, opisthosoma, pedicel, not segmented |
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Order ___, or pseudoscorpions do not have distinct ___[2] |
Pseudoscorpionida, prosoma, opisthosoma |
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Order ___ are harvestmen, with small ___ and visible ___ |
Opiliones, pedipalps, segmentation |
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Order ___ are mites and ticks, with only one distinct segment, but juveniles have only ___ legs |
Acari, 3 pairs |
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Ticks have a barbed ___, but mites have a secreted ___ |
Hypostome, stylostome |
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Order Araneae are ___, Scorpionida are ___, Pseudoscorpionida are ___, Opiliones are ___, and Acari are ___ |
Spiders, scorpions, pseudoscorpions, harvestmen, mites and ticks |
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There are about ___ species of spiders, some of which are ___ predators that ambush prey, while others are ___, with poorer eyes |
40,000, cursorial, web building |
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Spiders can create silk through ___, which is used for ___[5] |
Spinnerets, trapping prey, retreats, egg cases, dragline, nutrition |
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The ___ spider uses a sticky glob on the end of a thread, secreting ___ to attract prey |
Bolas, pheromones |
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The ___ is generally identified by a violin shape of the dorsal ___; it has ___ eyes and its venomous ___ causes severe tissue damage |
Brown recluse, prosoma, 6, hemotoxin |
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The ___ spider is an example of sexual dimorphism, because males have ___ |
Hobo, club-ended pedipalps |
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In tarantulas, females live ___, primarily in ___ places; ___ ones are more venomous than ___ ones, which instead use ___, throwing irritant hairs |
30 years, warm, old world, new world, urticating |
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Spider venom may have ___ components, but only about ___ toxins are described |
40 million, 1,500 |
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The family ___ are called jumping spiders, due to their ability coming from ___, with ___ eyes, and they are most active during the ___ |
Salticidae, increase in blood pressure, four large and four small, day |
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Defining features of Hexapoda: ___[4] |
Unique tracheal system, six legs, tagmata, 1 pair of antennae |
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Oxygen in hexapods is obtained through ___ from holes called ___ into the ___ system |
Diffusion, spiracles, tracheae |
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___ of hexapods serve as the excretory system, with wastes going into the ___ to be expelled |
Malpighian tubules, gut |
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Class Entognatha characteristics: ___[3] |
Base of mouthparts enclosed in head capsule, apterygotes, ametabolous |
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Class Insecta characteristics: ___[3] |
Base of mouthparts visible, pterygotes, hemimetabolous or holometabolous |
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The only insects without wings are ___, called ___ |
Thysanura, silverfish |
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The two major types of insects, divided by wing type, are ___[2] |
Paleoptera (extended wings), Neoptera (folded wings) |
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Orders in Paleoptera: ___[2] |
Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies), Ephemeroptera (mayflies) |
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Dragonfly larvae are ___ and feed using a specialized structure called the ___ |
Aquatic, labium |
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Dragonfly mating: ___[3] |
Male in front grasps female behind head, fly in tandem until copulation, female brings tip of abdomen in contact with organ just behind male thorax |
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Holometabolous insects: ___[4] |
Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera |
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Hemiptera characteristics: ___[3] |
Piercing mouthparts, half leathery forewings, scutellum |
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Types of insect legs: ___[5] |
Ambulatory, raptorial, fossorial, saltatorial, cursorial |
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Orthoptera characteristics: ___[4] |
Chewing mouthparts, leathery forewings, jumping legs, needle or blade-like ovipositor |
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Blattodea characteristics: ___[5] |
Chewing mouthparts, leathery forewings, filiform antennae, pronotum extends over head, running legs |
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Isoptera characteristics: ___[4] |
Chewing mouthparts, membranous wings, moniliform antennae (bead-like), eusocial |
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Isoptera are closely related to: ___[2] |
Roaches, mantids |
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Unlike ants, termites have: ___[3] |
Straight antennae, broad waist, equal size wings |
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Hymenoptera characteristics: ___[4] |
Chewing or siphoning mouthparts, membranous wings, needle-like ovipositor, geniculate(bent) antennae |
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Diptera characteristics: ___[3] |
Sponging or piercing mouthparts, membranous forewings, plumose (feathery) or aristate (short) antennae |
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True flies have ___ hindwings for ___ |
Halteres, balancing |
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Lepidoptera characteristic: ___[3] |
Siphoning mouthparts, clubbed (capitate) or feathery (plumose) antennae, scaled wings |
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Coleoptera characteristic: ___ |
Front wings are hardened for protection of back wings |
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Insect success is due to ___[5] |
Small size, short generation time, metamorphosis, sophisticated sensory system, coevolutionary interactions with other organisms |
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Hypotheses of wing evolution: ___[3] |
Gill-exite hypothesis, paranotal hypothesis, paranotal/epipodite combined hypothesis |
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The gene ___ can be expressed in different regions of the ___ to give rise to ___[3] |
Wingless, induction field; stylus, gill, wing in combination with tergum outgrowth |
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Grasshoppers: ___, Roaches: ___, Termites: ___, True Bugs: ___, Beetles: ___, Butterflies: ___, Flies: ___, Wasps: ___ |
Orthoptera, Blattodea, Isoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidotera, Diptera, Hymenoptera |
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Crustacean characteristics: ___ |
2 pairs of antennae, mandibles and 2 pairs maxillae, stalked compound eyes, biramous, 2 tagmata |
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___ have flattened, leaf-like legs that function for respiration as well as locomotion, called ___ |
Branchiopoda, phyllopodia |
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Groups of Branchipoda: ___[4] |
Anostraca (brine shrimp), Notostraca (tadpole shrimp), Cladocera (water fleas), Conchostraca (clam shrimp) |
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Anostraca: ___, Notostraca: ___, Cladocera: ___, Conchostraca: ___ |
No carapace, carapace covers cephalothorax, carapace covers all but head, carapace covers entire body |
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Ostracoda characteristics: ___[3] |
Bivalve carapace, marine and freshwater, reduced appendages |
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Copepoda characteristic: ___[3] |
Naupliar eye retained, some highly modified parasitic, some are intermediate hosts |
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Cirrepedia characteristics: ___[3] |
Sessile as adults, feed with modified cirri, larval form attaches to substrate by head |
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Barnacles are called: ___[2] |
Cirripedia, Thecostraca |
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Groups of Malacostraca: ___[4] |
Isopoda, Amphipoda, Euphausiaceae, Decapoda |
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___ are krill, ___ woodlice, ___ are laterally compressed, and ___ have ten feet |
Euphausids, Isopods, Amphipods, Decapods |
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___ is a parasitic isopod that replaces the tongue of the ___ |
Cymothoa exigua, red snapper |
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Vertebrates have ___ eyes, arachnids ___, and insects ____ |
Simple lens, simple corneal, compound |
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Compound eyes are composed of many ____ |
Ommatidia |
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Crustaceans have a lobe-like structure called the ___ anterior to the mouth that partially encloses it. |
Labrum |
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Reasons for sexual cannabilization of mantids: ___[3] |
Less sexual inhibition, female is distracted, nutritious meal |
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The ___ insect forms mating bonds and nest together |
Lord Howe stick |
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The ___ insects were declared extinct until a small population were found on ___ |
Lord Howe, Ball’s pyramid |
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Lobsters can grow indefinitely due to ___, but they die due to ___ |
Telomerase, energy undergoing ecdysis |
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Mantis shrimp have special ___ with ___ |
Visual systems, 16 pigments |
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Mantis shrimp have raptorial claws that can generate cavitation bubbles in ___ and light in ___ |
Supercavitation, sonoluminescence |
