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21 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is an animal?
Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic organism which undergoes a larval development and contains collagen protein
Colonial theory
cells grouped together & then specialized
Syncytial theory
large cell became divided & then specialized
Support for Monophyletic
Similar proteins in all animals: actin, myosin, collagen
Similar structure of gametes: sperm & ova
Presence of centrioles in all animal cells
Similar membrane structures: gap junctions, desmosomes
Support for Polyphyletic
Rapid appearance of many different groups
Coelomate organisms have..
a body cavity lined with a membrane
Coelom advantages:
Organ development
Diffusion surface for gas, waste, nutrients
Hydrostatic skeleton support
Storage
Common Traits of Phylum Porifera
Most primitive body form: cellular specialization without tissues
Asymmetrical or primitive radial symmetry
Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
Central cavity (spongocoel) with one or more osculum used to circulate water
Sessil
Most are marine-Vary in size from several mm to meters
Natural Filters in ecosystem
Common Traits of Phylum Cnidarian Organisms
Radial symmetry
Diploblastic (two germ layers): Ectoderm & Endoderm
Tissue specialization- Groups of cells work as a unit for a common function
Hydroskeleton-Muscle cells in body wall contract and cause movement
Gastrovascular Cavity- Food is digested in body cavity and nutrients absorbed into cells
Tentacles and cnidocytes
Cell specialization: cnidocytes, interstitial ce
Common Traits of Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flat & thin
Bilateral symmetry
Cephalization: Anterior and posterior end
Triploblastic* and acoelomate
Organ system organization: nervous, digestive, reproductive, excretory, muscular
Wet terrestrial or aquatic environment
Special sensory receptors: ocelli, eyespots
Defining traits of Pseudocoelomates
Muscle layer is not associated with gut tube (additional muscle layer in body wall)
Eutely: constant cell number
Organ system specialization: Protonephridia, nervous system with ganglia and receptors
circulatory & respiratory systems absent in most species
Longitudinal muscle in body wall
Usually a complete digestive tract
Most are dioecious with internal fertilization; female can
Mollusca Traits
Unsegmented
Protostome coelomates
Most are dioecious
Trochophore larva (common to mollusca, annelida, arthropoda)

Mollusca are soft bodied
With foot specialized for
burrowing or food capture
visceral mass
Mantle secretes shell
Some molluscs are shelled
some are not
Phylum Annelida
Metamerism: segmentation of body parts
more flexible support system of hydrostatic compartments: more efficient locomotion
independent control of segments
impact of injury to organism is less
Serial development of each segment
separate blood vessel, nerve cord, nephridia
Tagmatization
Segments become modified for specific function
(will see this better defined in arthropods)
Phylum Arthropoda
Metamerism : heteronomous (different) with tagmatization
Exoskeleton: chiton usually covered by cuticle
Fixed body segments with tagmatization (specialization)
abdomen - cephalothorax - head - thorax
Jointed Appendages specialized for food gathering, chewing, movement (swimming, flight, walking)
Musculoskeletal system with extensive innervation
Nervous system : well developed brain and sensory organs
Respiration: book lungs, gills, trachea for active life
Circulatory System: open within hemocoel
Habitat: diverse
Success of Arthropods
Metamorphosis (body – change)
different body form in larva and adult minimizes habitat and resource competition
Ecdysis: molting allows for organism growth
Mobility: Exoskeleton, appendages, and muscle attachment
lifts body off the surface for better movement
Reproductive ability: production of large numbers of offspring
Habitat diversity: Arthropods are found just about
Echinoderms
Deuterostome lineage:
Radial, Indeterminant embryonic cleavage
Blastopore region develops into anus
enterocoelous coelom formation
Bilateral dipleurula larva
Radial symmetry is recent development:
Fossil records indicate extinct bilateral forms
Common characteristics of Echinoderms
Marine habitat
Pentaradial symmetry (secondary)
Body support: Calcareous endoskeleton
No cephalization
Nerve net and specialized receptors (statocysts)
No excretory system: coelomic fluid similar to sea water in composition; diffusion through tube feet or skin
Circulation through coelomic fluid and water vascular system
Water vascular system : locomotion, attachment, feeding, circulation, excretion
Reproduction: Dioecious with gamete shedding through gonopore (aboral exit); remarkable ability to regenerate
Phylum Hemichordata
120 species
Unsegmented marine worms which share deuterostome and some chordate traits
Dorsal & ventral tubular nerve cord
Pharyngeal gill slits: primarily used for feeding
Post-anal tail
Bilateral symmetry with well developed head and tail
Notochord absent
Evolutionary History of Chordates
probable common ancestor links echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates
endoskeleton: weak link between echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates
Embryology links : bilateral motile larva with more sedentary adults
Hemichordate /Chordate link:
Share dorsal tubular nerve cord and pharyngeal gill slits
buccal diverticulum is synapomorphy of Hemichordates
ribosomal RNA supports a deuterostome origin
Post-anal tail, tadpole larva
endostyle

Differences: notochord
Chordate Common Traits
Bilateral deuterostomes
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Notochord
Postanal tail
Pharyngeal slits or pouches
Endostyle or thyroid
Ventral, contractile heart
Tadpole larva
Common characteristics Vertebrates
Musculoskeletal development
Increased metabolic demands
Brain and sensory development
Similar embryogenesis
Eg., neural crest tissue development shows same trend in all vertebrates to form a nervous system