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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is an animal?
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Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic organism which undergoes a larval development and contains collagen protein
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Colonial theory
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cells grouped together & then specialized
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Syncytial theory
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large cell became divided & then specialized
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Support for Monophyletic
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Similar proteins in all animals: actin, myosin, collagen
Similar structure of gametes: sperm & ova Presence of centrioles in all animal cells Similar membrane structures: gap junctions, desmosomes |
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Support for Polyphyletic
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Rapid appearance of many different groups
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Coelomate organisms have..
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a body cavity lined with a membrane
Coelom advantages: Organ development Diffusion surface for gas, waste, nutrients Hydrostatic skeleton support Storage |
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Common Traits of Phylum Porifera
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Most primitive body form: cellular specialization without tissues
Asymmetrical or primitive radial symmetry Sexual and Asexual Reproduction Central cavity (spongocoel) with one or more osculum used to circulate water Sessil Most are marine-Vary in size from several mm to meters Natural Filters in ecosystem |
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Common Traits of Phylum Cnidarian Organisms
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Radial symmetry
Diploblastic (two germ layers): Ectoderm & Endoderm Tissue specialization- Groups of cells work as a unit for a common function Hydroskeleton-Muscle cells in body wall contract and cause movement Gastrovascular Cavity- Food is digested in body cavity and nutrients absorbed into cells Tentacles and cnidocytes Cell specialization: cnidocytes, interstitial ce |
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Common Traits of Phylum Platyhelminthes
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Flat & thin
Bilateral symmetry Cephalization: Anterior and posterior end Triploblastic* and acoelomate Organ system organization: nervous, digestive, reproductive, excretory, muscular Wet terrestrial or aquatic environment Special sensory receptors: ocelli, eyespots |
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Defining traits of Pseudocoelomates
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Muscle layer is not associated with gut tube (additional muscle layer in body wall)
Eutely: constant cell number Organ system specialization: Protonephridia, nervous system with ganglia and receptors circulatory & respiratory systems absent in most species Longitudinal muscle in body wall Usually a complete digestive tract Most are dioecious with internal fertilization; female can |
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Mollusca Traits
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Unsegmented
Protostome coelomates Most are dioecious Trochophore larva (common to mollusca, annelida, arthropoda) Mollusca are soft bodied With foot specialized for burrowing or food capture visceral mass Mantle secretes shell Some molluscs are shelled some are not |
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Phylum Annelida
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Metamerism: segmentation of body parts
more flexible support system of hydrostatic compartments: more efficient locomotion independent control of segments impact of injury to organism is less Serial development of each segment separate blood vessel, nerve cord, nephridia Tagmatization Segments become modified for specific function (will see this better defined in arthropods) |
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Phylum Arthropoda
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Metamerism : heteronomous (different) with tagmatization
Exoskeleton: chiton usually covered by cuticle Fixed body segments with tagmatization (specialization) abdomen - cephalothorax - head - thorax Jointed Appendages specialized for food gathering, chewing, movement (swimming, flight, walking) Musculoskeletal system with extensive innervation Nervous system : well developed brain and sensory organs Respiration: book lungs, gills, trachea for active life Circulatory System: open within hemocoel Habitat: diverse |
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Success of Arthropods
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Metamorphosis (body – change)
different body form in larva and adult minimizes habitat and resource competition Ecdysis: molting allows for organism growth Mobility: Exoskeleton, appendages, and muscle attachment lifts body off the surface for better movement Reproductive ability: production of large numbers of offspring Habitat diversity: Arthropods are found just about |
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Echinoderms
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Deuterostome lineage:
Radial, Indeterminant embryonic cleavage Blastopore region develops into anus enterocoelous coelom formation Bilateral dipleurula larva Radial symmetry is recent development: Fossil records indicate extinct bilateral forms |
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Common characteristics of Echinoderms
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Marine habitat
Pentaradial symmetry (secondary) Body support: Calcareous endoskeleton No cephalization Nerve net and specialized receptors (statocysts) No excretory system: coelomic fluid similar to sea water in composition; diffusion through tube feet or skin Circulation through coelomic fluid and water vascular system Water vascular system : locomotion, attachment, feeding, circulation, excretion Reproduction: Dioecious with gamete shedding through gonopore (aboral exit); remarkable ability to regenerate |
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Phylum Hemichordata
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120 species
Unsegmented marine worms which share deuterostome and some chordate traits Dorsal & ventral tubular nerve cord Pharyngeal gill slits: primarily used for feeding Post-anal tail Bilateral symmetry with well developed head and tail Notochord absent |
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Evolutionary History of Chordates
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probable common ancestor links echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates
endoskeleton: weak link between echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates Embryology links : bilateral motile larva with more sedentary adults |
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Hemichordate /Chordate link:
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Share dorsal tubular nerve cord and pharyngeal gill slits
buccal diverticulum is synapomorphy of Hemichordates ribosomal RNA supports a deuterostome origin Post-anal tail, tadpole larva endostyle Differences: notochord |
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Chordate Common Traits
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Bilateral deuterostomes
Dorsal hollow nerve cord Notochord Postanal tail Pharyngeal slits or pouches Endostyle or thyroid Ventral, contractile heart Tadpole larva |
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Common characteristics Vertebrates
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Musculoskeletal development
Increased metabolic demands Brain and sensory development Similar embryogenesis Eg., neural crest tissue development shows same trend in all vertebrates to form a nervous system |