Zoology Chapter 12

Front 1

What does diapsid mean?

Back 1

Two temporal fenestra (holes) in each side of the skull

Front 2

What are testudines or chelonia?

Back 2

Turtles

Front 3

What are Sphenodons?

Back 3

Tuatara

Front 4

What are sqamates?

Back 4

Lizards and snakes

Front 5

What makes up the clade called lepidosauria?

Back 5

Sqamata and sphenodon

Front 6

What makes up the clade called archosauria?

Back 6

Crocodylia and aves

Front 7

What are characteristics of reptilia?

Back 7

They produce uric acid

They have temperature-dependent sex determination

They have hard (beta) keratin

Front 8

What are the synapomorphies of Chelonia?

Back 8

Shell comprised of bone and beta keratin

Teeth are absent

Vertebrae are fused to shell

Front 9

What are the two types of turtles?

Back 9

Cryptodires and pleuodires

Front 10

What is the difference between cryptodires and pleudires?

Back 10

Cryptodires - retract head into the shell by bending the neck into a vertical "S" (Found in north and southern hemisphere)

Pleuodires - retract head by bending it horizontally (only found in the southern hemisphere)

Front 11

How is turtle morphology decided?

Back 11

It's based on the ecology on each organism

Front 12

What is the carapace?

Back 12

Dorsal part of the shell

Dermal bones connect the carapace to the skeleton

Front 13

What are the names and kinds of dermal bones?

Back 13

Neural - 8 bony plates along the midline, fused with the vertebrae

Costal - 8 pairs of plates lateral to the neural plates, fused to ribs

Peripheral - 11 pairs, plus 2 unpaired bones that form the edges

Front 14

What are horny scutes?

Back 14

The outer layer of shell that covers the carapace bones

5 central, 4 lateral, and 12 pairs of marginal scutes

Front 15

What is the plastron?

Back 15

Ventral part of the shell

Front 16

What are the different parts of the plastron?

Back 16

Epiplastron - paired anterior plates derived from the clavicles

Entoplastron - centrally located, derived from the interclavicle

Hyoplastron and hypoplastron - central paired plates, fused with the carapace

Xiphiplastron - pair of posterior plates

Front 17

How many scutes are on the plastron?

Back 17

6 pairs over the dermal bone

Front 18

What is the anatomy of the turtle heart?

Back 18

The right and left atrium are completely separated

Ventricle is is partially divided and in three parts

Front 19

What are the three parts of the turtle ventricle?

Back 19

Cavum pulmonale

Cavum venosum

Cavum arteriosum

Front 20

What is the bloodflow path through the turtle heart?

Back 20

Right atruim receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the sinus venosus and empties into cavum venosum. The deoxygenated blood then crosses the muscular ridge into the cavum pulmonale, which then pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and empties into the cavum arteriosum and then into the cavum venosum, which then pumps the oxygenated blood to the body via the right and left aortic arches.

Front 21

What are the lungs like in the turtle?

Back 21

The lungs are large and attached to the carapace dorsally and laterally, ventrally it's attached to the diaphragmatic sheet, which is then attached to the viscera

Front 22

How do turtles breathe?

Back 22

Inhilation - contracts abdominal oblique and serratus

Exhalation - contracts transvers abdominus and pectoralis

Front 23

What is another way that aquatic turtle can have gas exchange?

Back 23

They can have gas exchange with the water via the pharynx and/or the cloaca

Front 24

How do turtles regular body temperature?

Back 24

Mostly via behavior

Aquatic species cool themselves in water, heat themselves in the sun

Terrestrial species cool themselves in the shade or burrowing

Front 25

What's the special ability that marine turtle species have?

Back 25

They have some degree of endothermy, by generating heat through muscle movements, and maintaining heat via countercurrent arrangement of blood vessels

Front 26

What are the courtship behaviors of aquatic turtles?

Back 26

Use coloration on head, neck, and limbs to recognize gender

During courtship, males vibrate claws on the side of the female's head

Front 27

What are the courtship behaviors of terrestrial turtles?

Back 27

Vocalization, pheromones, and tactile signals are used

Subdentary glands under the jaw secrete the pheromones

Front 28

How is the hierarchy of a tortoise herd determined?

Back 28

They're determined by aggressive encounters, ramming, biting, and hooking

Front 29

How long do turtle eggs take to develop?

Back 29

40 - 60 days, but some have dormant stages

Front 30

What does the moisture around the eggs effect?

Back 30

Rate of development

Size and vigor of the hatchlings (wet incubation produces larger offspring)

Sex determination

Water is needed for the metabolism of the yolk

Front 31

How do pond and terrestrial turtles navigate?

Back 31

They use local landmarks within their home range

Front 32

How do sea turtles navigate?

Back 32

Green turtles: chemosensory

Loggerheads: Light, wave direction, and magnetic fields

Front 33

How are turtles predisposed to extinction?

Back 33

Slow growth rate, and delayed maturity

Front 34

How has island colonization affected large tortoises?

Back 34

Competition with livestock, and domestic pets consuming eggs

Front 35

How do pet turtles affect wild populations?

Back 35

When they're released they can introduce new diseases