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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What classes belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes? |
Cestoda, Turbellaria, Termatoda, Monogenea |
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What phylum belong to Aceolmates division? |
Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Gnathostomulida |
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What about acoelmates groups them together? |
They have no coelom. |
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Acoelmates are all.... |
Protosomes |
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What type of symmetry do Acoelmates have? |
Bilateral |
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Do acoelmates have cephalization? |
Yes |
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Do acoelomates have a body cavity? |
They do not. No coelom. |
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What does Platyhelminthes mean? |
Flatworms |
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What level of organization are Acoelomates? |
Organ grade |
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How many germ layers do Acoelomates have? |
3 - triploblastic |
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What is the middle germ layer of Platyhelminthes? |
Mesoderm |
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Describe the habitat of Platyhelminthes |
Marine or freshwater, and moist terrestrial habits |
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Describe the life style of Platyhelmithes |
Free living or parasitic (rely on host) |
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What is a syncytial epidermis? |
An epidermis where many nuclei are enclosed within a single cell membrane (not separated by cell membranes) |
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Who has a syncytial epidermis? |
Turbellarians and all other Platyhelminthes |
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Non-turbellarians lack ... and have a ....? |
Cilia, tegument |
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What is tegument? |
A tough outer coating, that prevents the host's system from attacking or digesting the organism |
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What are the common features in the phylum Platyhelminthes? |
Mouth, Pharynx, intestine (only one opening) |
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Who is the exception to the common features of flatworms and why? |
Cestoda is the exception because they have not digestive tract |
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Where is the mouth located on the trematodes and monogeneans? |
near anterior end of the worm |
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Where is the mouth on a turbellarian? |
The mouth is in the middle of the body on the ventral side |
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What is the function of the oral sucker? |
Attachment |
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Compare the Pharynx in trematodes/monogeneans versus turbellarians? |
The pharynx does not extend in T/m but does in T. |
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Describe the intestine of the trematodes and monogeneans. |
intestine ends blindly and varies in degree of branching |
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What class of Platyhelminthes is carnivorous? |
Turbellarians |
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Describe the turbellarian digestive system. |
-Mouth not at anterior -Pharynx can extend -Often three branches to intestine -Blind gut |
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How do Trematodes get their food? |
They are parasitic on vertebrates, ingesting cellular debris and body fluids |
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How do monogeneans feed? |
They are parasitic ingesting cellular debris and body fluid |
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How do Cestodes feed? |
They absorb small molecules from the host's digestive tract |
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What are flame cells for? |
Excretion or osmoregulation |
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How do flame cells work? |
moving flagella draw water through to get rid of excess water and microvilli may catch certain ions or molecules |
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what is a protonephridia? |
bundles of flame cells |
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Why do marine turbellarians not have flame cells? |
they do not need to expel excess water |
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How many excretory pores do monogeans have and where are they located? |
They have 2 excretory pores opening latteraly near the anterior |
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Describe the ecretory system of trematodes |
excretory bladder with ducts and a terminal pore |
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Describe the excretory system of cestodes |
2 main excretory canals to each side running through body |
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What is the main method of metbalic wster removal for platyhelminthes? |
remvoed largely by duffusion through the body wall |
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What are features atributted to free living? |
cephalizationand evolution of sense organs |
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What are ocelli? |
Sense organs for light (eye spots) |
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What are statocysts? |
Sense organs for equillirbium |
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What are rheoreceptors? |
receptors that sense the direction of water current |
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Where are sensory nerve endings found in parasitic worms? |
found in the oral suckers and gential pores of parasitic worms |
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which class of worms has cillia? |
Turbellarians |
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What is a benefit to regeneration? |
rapid population growth |
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How do flatworms reproduce asexually or regenerate? |
by fission, constrict behind the pharynx and seperate into two animals |
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What happens when the flatworms do no seperate immediately? |
they create chains of zooids |
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What is the fate of the blastophore in acoelomates? |
The mouth develops from the blastophore |
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What type of cleavage happens during zygotic division in acoelomates? |
spiral cleavage |
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Describe coelom formation in acoelomates. |
solid masses of mesoderm split to form coelom |
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What is the sexual reproduction in flatworms like? |
monoecious (hermaphroditic) but like to cross-fertilize |
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Describe the habitat of Turbellaria. |
free-living, benthic |
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Describe the movement of turbellarians. |
swim or move via cillia, glide over slime |
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describe the digestive system of turbellarians |
simple gut or not gut (blind gut) and a simple pharynx |
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What are the exceptions to the typical turbellarian digestive system? |
Order Polycladidia and order Tricladidia |
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Order Tricladidia has... |
a three-branched intestine |
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Order Ploycladidia has ... |
a folded pharynx and a gut with many branches |
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Wha type of organ is specific to Turbellarians? |
dual-gland adhesive organs |
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What types of glands are in dual-gland adhesive organs and what do they do? |
Viscid gland (fasten microvilli to substrate) and releasing gland (quick chemical detachment) |
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Describe Turbellarian feeding |
-chemoreceptors detect food chemically -rhabdites entangle food in mucous secretions -proboscis (pharynx) extend to suck up bits of food |
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All trematodes are...? |
Parasitic flukes |
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What is the primary host of trematodes? |
vertebrates |
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What does the tegument in adult Trematodes lack? |
it lack cillia |
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What are the 4 adaptations for parasitism in Trematoda? |
-penetration glands -glands to produce cyst material -hooks and suckers for attachment (scolex) -increased reproductive capacity |
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What is the intermediate host of Human Liver Flukes? |
Snails |
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Chonorchis sinensis is an example of which class? |
Trematoda |
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Planaria sp. and Dugesia sp. are examples of which class? |
Turbellaria |
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Summarize the life cycle of a liver fluke. |
adult, egg (shelled embryo), miracidium (snail host), sporocyst, redia, cercaria, and metacercaria (another host or final host) stages |
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What is unique about the males and females in the species Schistosoma? |
-The sexes are seperate |
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What are the three places Schistosoma infect in humans? |
venules of the large intestine, small intestine, and urinary bladder |
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Summarize the life cycle of Schistosoma
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egg, miracidium, sporocyst (in snail), cercaria, adult (human) |
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What is the primary host for Schistosome dermatitis? |
DUCKS! |
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Describe the life cycle of liver flukes. |
Adults live in lungs
-eggs coughed up and swallowed -eliminated in feces - metacercariae develop in freshwater crabs -human infection (consume raw crabmeat) |
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What type of parasites are monogeneans? |
ectoparasites |
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Who are the hosts of monogeneans? |
Fish (gills), Frogs/turtles (bladders), hippos (eyes)
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What type of life cycle do monogeneans have? |
direct life cycle in a single host |
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What is an oncomiracidium and what does it do? |
q cilitaed larvae that attaches to the host by posterior hooks |
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What is the opisthaptor? |
posterior attachment organ |
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What is the impact of monogeneans on humans? |
they have an economic impact for fish farmers |
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Describe the monogamy between monogeneans. |
attaches to gills and waits. wil die if another does not show up. - fuse body if two are available so they can cross fertilize |
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What do cestodes rely on? |
the digestive tract where they absorb digested molecules |
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What do cestodes lack? Exception? |
sensory organs except for modified cillia |
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what is a microthrix ( pl. microtirches)? |
modified cillia that cover the body to increase surface area for food aborsption in cestodes |
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Summarize life cycle of beef tapeworm. |
Ripe proglottids (human intestine), leave in feces, ingested by cattle,Eggs hatch in the (cow’s intestine), freei oncospheres penetrate into muscles and encyst, develop into “bladder worms”, human (infected beef), cysticercus (intestine), strobila (intestinal wall) matures.
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Where do adult pork tapeworms reside? |
human small intestine |
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Where do the juvenile tapeworms reside? |
muscles of pigs |
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What happens when eggs/proglottids of pork tapeworms are ingested? |
embryos migrate to organs and form cystcerci |
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Where does cysticercosis occur? |
eyes or brain |
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How do you avoid pork tapeworm infection? |
thoroughly cook pork |
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Where is the adult fish tapeworm found? |
intestines of some mammals (ie. humans, cats, dogs) |
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Where do the immature stages of fish tapeworms reside? |
in crustaceans and fish |
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How do you contract tapeworms? |
eating raw fish |
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Do Turbellaria have suckers/hooks? |
no |
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What type of reproduction do Turbellarians use? |
Hermaphroditic and some asexual fission |
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Describe the skin of Turbellarians. |
ciliated epidermis |
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Describe the skin of Trematoda. |
syncytial tegument without cilia |
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Describe the skin of monogeneans. |
syncytial tegument without cilia |
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Describe the skin of cestoda. |
syncytial tegument without cilia |
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How many hosts are necessary in life cycle of Trematoda? |
two hosts necessary |
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What type of suckers/hooks do Trematoda have? |
oral and ventral sucker but no hooks |
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What type of suckers do monogeneans have? |
posterior hooks and or/ suckers
opisthaptor (attachment organ) |
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What is the anterior end of a Cestode called and what features does it include? |
scolex and it includes suckers and hooks |
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What are Nemertea? |
ribbon worms |
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Which other phylum is the Nemerteans body plan similar to? |
Platyhelminthes - Turbellarians |
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describe the epidermis of Nemertea |
ciliated and glandular |
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What type of excretory system do Nemerteans have? |
flame cells |
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What reproduction do Nemerteans have? |
dioecious |
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Do Nemerteans have a complete digestive system? |
yes |
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Why are Nemerteans different? |
they have a rhynchocoel |
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What is a rhynchocoel? |
dorsal tubular cavity that contains the inverted proboscis . no openings to the outside |
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What is a special feature to the Phylum Gnathostomulida? |
Jaws |
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describe the habitat of phylum Gnathostomulida |
free-living, non parasitic: crevices of sediment and silt: can survive low oxygen |
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describe the movement of Gnathostomulida |
glide and swim in loops and spirals |
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What is the function of Gnathostomulida's jaws? |
scrape fungi and bacteria from the substrate |
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Describe reproduction in Gnathostomulida. |
Hermaphroditic and cross-fetilization |
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What is a sporocyst? |
initial infection of snail by parasitic fluke |
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What is parenchyma? |
cellular tissue lying between the body wall and the organs of invertebrate animals lacking a coelom |
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What is a pseudocoloemate? |
-has a psuedocoloem -complete digestive tract -unsegmented -dioecious (usually) -possess cuticle |
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What are three Phylums of Pseudocoloemates? |
Rotifera, Nematoda, Nematomorpha |
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Give an example of Rotifera. |
Philodena |
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Give an example of Nematoda. |
Ascaris, Enterobius, Trichinella. Vinegar eels, C. elegans, soil nematodes |
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Give an example of Nematomorpha. |
Gordius |
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Rotifera free-swimming or crawl with foot. T or F? |
True |
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What three regions are Rotifera divided? |
Head/Trunk/Foot |
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What is the function of the corona? |
The corona is used in feeding and it is where the mouth is located. |
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What does nematoda mean? |
round worms |
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What type of life cycle do nematodes have? |
Parasitic |
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Are nematodes dioecious or monoeicous? |
dioecious |
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Are Ascaris males bigger or smaller than the female? |
smaller |
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Why are Ascaris slides potentially dangerous? |
the eggs still viable after long periods of time |
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Enterobius affect which age group? |
little kids |
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Is Enterobius dangerous? |
no |
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Where does Enterobius live? |
in the intestine of vertebrates |
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What do the larvae of Trichinella do to their hosts? |
travel through the blood to striated muscle and form calcified cysts |
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Where does Trichinella live? |
intestinal wall of vertebrates |
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How is Trichinella spread? |
Spread to others by ingestion of the cysts |
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What does Necator mean? |
Hook worm |
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What are three features of hook worms? |
Anterior end is hook-shaped -has a muscular esophagus -caudal end of male had copulatory bursae (spicules) |
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What is the common name for Anguillula sp? |
vinegar eels |
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What does ectothermic mean? |
having a body temperature derived from heat acquired from the environment |
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What organism causes Elephantiasis? |
Wuchereria bancrofti |
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What class do filarial worms belong? |
nematoda |
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Who is the vector for filarial worms? |
mosquitos |
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Summarize the life cycle of filarial worms. |
. |
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What type of organism is the Dog heartworm? |
filarial worm (nematode) |
