Zoology

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Convergent Evolution

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ex: fins in fish and flippers in marine animals. Dolphin is a mamal not a fish

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homoplasy

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character state in common ancestor

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outgroup

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two are more close, the third is the outgroup that is less related.

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Synapomorphy

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-homologous trait shared by two or more taxa which derived from common ancestor.

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cladistics

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-klados, "branch."
a branch of biology that determines evolutionary relationships between organisms based on derived similarities.

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Phyletic relationships for taxonomic groupings

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1. monophyletic
2. paraphyletic.
3. polyphletic.

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Phylogeny

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is the origin and evolution of a set of organisms

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monophyletic

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if it consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants

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polyphletic

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more than one ancestral type, as a group of animals.

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paraphyletic

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contains some but not all descendants of the most recent common acestor.

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phylogenetic systematics,

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-clades
-based on common decent
-monophyling.

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systematics

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the study and classification of organisms with the goal of reconstructing their evolutionary histories and relationships.

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evolutionary systematics

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common decent as well as degree of evolutionary change from adaption.
-use mono and paraphyly

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numerical taxonomy

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-phnetics
-overall degree of similarity
-ignore e-volution and phylogony.

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poriferans

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-sessile
-simplest of animals
-filter feeders
-similarity to choanoflagellates

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choanocytes

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"collar cells"
-digestive system

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apomorphy

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a character state that occurs only in later descendents.

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Plesiomorphic and apomorphic

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used instead of primitive and advanced.

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kingdom fungi

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-multicellular eukayotes
-cell walls of chitin
-absorbs food called saprobic

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kingdom plantae

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-multicellular eukaryotes
-cell wall of cellulose
-autotrophic

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newer system woese

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3 domain system
1. bacteria, domain archaea, and eukarya.

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Protozoan

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-unicellular
-specialized organelles
-typically free living or symbiotic relationship

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symbiosis

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living together of two different species in an intimate relationship

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endosymbiotic theory

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-Believed large prokaryote ingested smaller eukaryot
-cells within cells
-took up existance and made cells together.

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cynobacteria

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begining of time where prokaryotic cells that could photosynthesize

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commensalism

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one benefits

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protozoan feeding

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-autotrophic
-heterotrophic
saprobic

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contractile vacuole

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-osmoregulation: keeping water balanced
-once its full it moves to edge and joins cell memembrane to expell.

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phylum sarcodina-ameba

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-use pseudopodia for locomotion.
-cytoplasmic spilling form pseudopods
-fagocytosis to eat food
-asexual reproduction through binary fission.

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class rhizopoda

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-naked amebas
-amebic dys3entery
-diahrea
-parasite in colon