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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Convergent Evolution
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ex: fins in fish and flippers in marine animals. Dolphin is a mamal not a fish
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homoplasy
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character state in common ancestor
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outgroup
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two are more close, the third is the outgroup that is less related.
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Synapomorphy
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-homologous trait shared by two or more taxa which derived from common ancestor.
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cladistics
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-klados, "branch."
a branch of biology that determines evolutionary relationships between organisms based on derived similarities. |
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Phyletic relationships for taxonomic groupings
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1. monophyletic
2. paraphyletic. 3. polyphletic. |
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Phylogeny
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is the origin and evolution of a set of organisms
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monophyletic
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if it consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants
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polyphletic
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more than one ancestral type, as a group of animals.
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paraphyletic
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contains some but not all descendants of the most recent common acestor.
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phylogenetic systematics,
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-clades
-based on common decent -monophyling. |
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systematics
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the study and classification of organisms with the goal of reconstructing their evolutionary histories and relationships.
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evolutionary systematics
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common decent as well as degree of evolutionary change from adaption.
-use mono and paraphyly |
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numerical taxonomy
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-phnetics
-overall degree of similarity -ignore e-volution and phylogony. |
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poriferans
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-sessile
-simplest of animals -filter feeders -similarity to choanoflagellates |
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choanocytes
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"collar cells"
-digestive system |
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apomorphy
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a character state that occurs only in later descendents.
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Plesiomorphic and apomorphic
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used instead of primitive and advanced.
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kingdom fungi
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-multicellular eukayotes
-cell walls of chitin -absorbs food called saprobic |
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kingdom plantae
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-multicellular eukaryotes
-cell wall of cellulose -autotrophic |
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newer system woese
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3 domain system
1. bacteria, domain archaea, and eukarya. |
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Protozoan
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-unicellular
-specialized organelles -typically free living or symbiotic relationship |
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symbiosis
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living together of two different species in an intimate relationship
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endosymbiotic theory
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-Believed large prokaryote ingested smaller eukaryot
-cells within cells -took up existance and made cells together. |
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cynobacteria
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begining of time where prokaryotic cells that could photosynthesize
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commensalism
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one benefits
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protozoan feeding
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-autotrophic
-heterotrophic saprobic |
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contractile vacuole
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-osmoregulation: keeping water balanced
-once its full it moves to edge and joins cell memembrane to expell. |
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phylum sarcodina-ameba
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-use pseudopodia for locomotion.
-cytoplasmic spilling form pseudopods -fagocytosis to eat food -asexual reproduction through binary fission. |
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class rhizopoda
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-naked amebas
-amebic dys3entery -diahrea -parasite in colon |