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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the seven requirements for life?
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1. Cells and Organization
2. Energy Use and Metabolism 3. Response to Environmental Changes 4. Regulation and Homeostasis 5. Growth and Development 6. Reproduction 7.Biological Evolution |
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What are the 10 levels of biological evolution?
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1. Atoms
2. Molecules and Macromolecules 3. Cells 4. Tissues 5. Organs 6. Organism 7. Population 8. Community 9. Ecosystem 10. Biosphere |
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What are the four kingdoms in which all organisms are classified?
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1. Protista (Protist)
2. Animalia (Animal) 3. Fungi (Fungus) 4. Plantae (Plant) |
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What classifies an organism as a protist?
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Unicellular and small multicellular organisms.
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What classifies an organism as an animal?
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Multicellular organisms that usually have a nervous system and are capable of locomotion. They must eat other organisms to live.
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What classifies an organism as a fungus?
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Unicellular and multicellular organisms that have a cell wall but cannot carry out photosynthesis. Fungi usually survive on decaying organic material.
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What classifies an organism as a plant?
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Multicellular organisms that can carry out photosythesis.
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What is biological evolution?
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The phenomenon that populations of organisms change over the course of many genterations. As a result, some organisms become more successful at survival and reproduction.
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What is an atom?
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The smallest functional unit of matter that form all chemical substances and cannot be further broken down by ordinary chemical or physical means (in biological systems). Each specific type of atom is a chemical element.
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What four chemical elements typically make up 95% of the atoms in living organisms.
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Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen.
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What substance do hydrogen and oxygen primarily occur in within living organisms?
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Water
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What is nitrogen primarily found in?
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Proteins
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What element is the building block of all matter?
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Carbon
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What kind of element is essential for normal growth and function?
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Trace Elements which are less than .01% of an organism's body.
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What is a molecule?
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Two or more atoms bonded together.
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What is a molecular formula?
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A representation of a molecule that consists of the chemical symbols for all of the atoms present and subscripts that tell you how many of those atoms are present.
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What is a compound?
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A molecule composed of 2 or more elements.
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What are the 3 types of molecular bonds?
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Covalent, Ionic, and Hydrogen
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What is a covalent bond?
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A bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons. It occurs between atoms whose outer shells are "full". These bonds are strong because the shared electrons act as if they belong to each atom. Covalent bonds can consist of sharing more than one pair of electrons.
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What is the octet rule?
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The rule that states atoms are stable when their outer shells are full. For many atoms, "full" is containing eight electrons. One exception is hydrogen, which has an outer shell that fills with two electrons.
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What does electronegativity measure?
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An atom's ability to attract electrons.
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Two atoms of the same element are _____ in electronegativity.
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Equal.
In a covalent bond, they will share an electron equally. |
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Two atoms from different element often ______ in electronegativity.
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Differ.
In a covalent bond, they will share an electron unequally. |
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What is a polar covalent bond?
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When two atoms with different electronegativities form a covalent bond and the shared electrons are more likely to associate with the atom of higher electronegativity.
Polar covalent bonds occur because the unequal distribution of electron around the atoms creates a polarity, or differenc in electric charge across the molecule. |
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What is an ion?
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An atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons.
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What is an ion that is positively charged?
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A cation.
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What is an ion that is negatively charged?
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An anion.
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When does an ionic bond occur?
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When a cation binds to an anion.
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Ionic bonds usually result when the atoms GREATLY differ in _______.
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Electronegativity.
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What is a solute?
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A substance dissolved in a liquid.
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What is a solvent?
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The liquid in which a solute is dissolved.
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What is a solution made up of?
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A solute and a solvent.
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What is an aqueous solution?
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A solution in which water is the solvent.
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What ions and molecules will dissolve in water?
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The ions and molecules that contain polar covalent bonds.
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What is an organic molecule?
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A molecule that contains carbon.
They are abundant in living organisms. |
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What is a macromolecule?
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A large, complex organic molecule.
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Carbon has __ electrons and needs __ more to fill the shell.
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4, 4
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A Carbon atom can make up to __ bonds.
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4
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Carbon can form nonpolar and polar bonds. True or False.
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True.
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Which bonds are more water soluble, nonpolar or polar bonds?
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Polar bonds.
Nonpolar are poorly water soluble. |
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Define hydrophilic.
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"Water-loving". Readily dissolves in water.
Ex: Ions and molecules that contain polar covalent bonds. |
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Define hydrophobic.
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"Water-fearing". Does not readily dissolve in water.
Ex: Nonpolar molecules like hydrocarbon. |
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What is the like-dissolve-like rule?
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Charged solvent and will cause charged solutes to dissolve (polar w/ polar). Noncharged solvents will cause charged solutes to dissolve (nonpolar w/ nonpolar). But a polar-nonpolar combination will NOT dissolve.
Ex: Water is polar, oil is nonpolar; oil does not dissolve in water. |
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What is an amphipathic molecule?
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A molecule that has both a hydrophobic (water-fearing/nonpolar) region and a hydrophilic (water-loving/polar) region.
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Define micelle.
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The sphere formed by long amphipathic molecules when mixed with water.
In animals, micelles aid in the absorption of poorly soluble products during digestion; they consist of bile salts, phopholipids, fatty acids, and monoglycerides clustered together. |
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________ are at the surface of the micelle and the _______ ends are oriented toward the interior of the micelle.
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Polar (hydrophilic), Nonpolar (hydrophobic)
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Define acid.
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A molecule that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution.
The more H+ an acid releases in a solution, the stronger it is. |
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Define base.
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A molecule that when dissolved in water lowers the H+ concentration.
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What is pH?
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Potential of hydrogen.
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What does the pH scale measure?
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How acidic or basic a substance is.
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What are the 4 reasons why pH is important?
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1. The shapes and functions of biomolecules.
2. The rates of many chemical reactions. 3. The ability of two biomolecules to bind to each other. 4. The ability of ions or biomolecules to dissolve. |
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What are the four basic "organic" molecules of life?
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1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids |
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What is the monomer building-block and biological roles of carbohydrates?
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Its building block is sugar and its biological roles are structures and energy.
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What is the monomer building-block and biological roles of lipids?
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Its building blocks are fatty acids and steroids. Its biological roles are structures and energy.
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What is the monomer building-block and biological roles of proteins?
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Its building blocks are amino acids. Its biological roles are structures and "enzymes".
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What is the monomer building-block and biological roles of nucleic acids?
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Its building blocks are nucleotides. Its biological role is to create genetic systems.
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Most of these large biological molecules (cards, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) are composed of _____________.
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Small subunit molecules.
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Monomer + Monomer =_________
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A dimer.
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