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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does GnRH come from?
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Hypothalamus
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What can mock (in a sense) GnRH?
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PCBs
Organochlorine pesticides |
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What does GnRH stimulate the release of?
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FSH and LH
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In males, what does the release of FSH do?
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It goes to the Sertoli cells which then spurs them to undergo Spermatogenesis.
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In males, what does the release of LH do?
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It influences Leydig cells make testosterone.
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What does the testosterone (made by Leydig cells) then do?
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1) Helps with spermatogenesis
2) Goes to primary and secondary sex characteristics. |
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What kind of system deals with FSH and LH in males?
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Negative feedback system.
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# of Sertoli cells = ???
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# of sperm
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How are sperm cells created (specific)?
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A primordial germ cell located within the seminiferous tubule (within the testes), becomes a Spermatogonium (a diploid cell), which then undergoes mitotic division. Which, then becomes the primary spermatocyte (still diploid, undergoing prophase I meosis I). Then comes the First Meiotic Division-- creating two cells now--- known as secondary haploid spermatocytes. Then, the Second Meiotic Division--- creating 4 haploid spermatids (becoming the Sperm.).
All along-- migrating from outside of the tubule to the inside. |
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Sertoli are considered 'nurse cells' because....
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they nurse the sperm cells along!
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What alters neuroreceptor distribution?
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The Fetal Testosterone/Estrogen ratio (# induced in fetus)
(# of sperm/sertoli cells) |
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What gives energy to the tail of a sperm cell?
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The spiral shaped Mitochodrion
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Describe how an egg is made. Specific.
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COMPLICATED BY DIAGRAM.
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What maintains the uterine lining?
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Progesterone.
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What around the growing egg are producing a lot of estrogen?
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Surrounding follicles.
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What helps insure that only one follicle grows at 1 time?
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Negative feedback system
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What stimulates the growth of a follicle?
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FSH
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What does the embryo secrete and what does it do?
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HCG-- keeps the corpus luteum and stops evverything else.
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In Women, when GnRH is released from the hypothalamus, promoting FSH and LH to release from the anterior pituitary to the ovaries, what happens next?
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1) The FSH causes follicle growth.
2) Then with enough LH released, the follicle ruptures, causing the egg to release. 3) From there, estrogens are relesed to the primary and secondary sex characteristics. |
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In women, what does high estrogen cause? (feedback system.)
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Positive Feedback system.
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In women, what does low estrogen cause? (feedback system.)
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A Negative feedback system.
Causing the release of Estrogen and Progesterone. |
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What surge causes ovulation?
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A Surge of LH
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What is secreted by the Corpus Luteum?
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Progesterone and Estrogen
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What promotes thickening of the endometrium?
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Progesterone and Estrogen.
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What are the basic steps of mammal ovulation, fertilization, and early embryo development (from ovulation to implantation)?
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1)Ovulation
2) Fertilization 3) Cleavage Begins 5) Cleavage Continues 6) The blastocyst implants |
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Briefly describe how the blastocyst implants into the uterine wall.
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The inner cell mass is towards the endometrium (uterine wall).
The Blastocyst implants itself with the inner cell mass towards the inside and its cavity outward to the uterine cavity. The tropoblast forms around the blastocyst within the endometrium. |
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The placenta leaks. What is able to cross through then?
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1) Thyroid hormones
2) Fat solubles (pesticides). |
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What is the fetal portion of placenta called?
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Chorion
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Describe the hormonal induction of labor.
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1) Estrogen from the ovaries, induces oxytocin receptors on uterus.
2) Oxytocin, from the fetus and mother's posterior pituitary a) Stimulates uterus to contract and b) Stimulates placenta to make Prostaglandins which stimulate more contractions of the uterus AND produces a postive feedback from oxytocin and prostaglandins. |
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Briefly, what are the 3 stages of labor?
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1) Dilation of the cervix
2) Explusion: delivery of the infant. 3) Delivery of the placenta |
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What's accumulating with time? (while looking at the earth history 24 hour clock)...
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Figuring out how to make a living cell, something that is multicellular, has a nuclear structure/components, etc.
that type of information will be passed on. |
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What happens sometimes with incomplete digestion?
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Can result in genetic information being picked up by that organism through its digestion system.
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What, in general will our ectoderm become?
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Skin and Nervous System
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What in general, will our mesoderm become?
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Our "middle skin"
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What, in general, will our endoderm become?
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The lining of our gut
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The surface of our cells is held together by?
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Cohesion
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Colonial protist, an aggregate of identical cell-- why was this initially formed?
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Became like this for the acquisition of 'goodies' for them to survive.
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A hollow sphere of unspecialized cells-- why was this initially formed? And, what skin layer(s) is this associated with?
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It creates an internal environment for the "animal."
It is associated the ectoderm. |
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A hollow sphere of some specialized cells- why was this initially formed?
And what skin layer(s) is this associated with? |
The specialized cells help pass on information.
Associated with the Ectoderm and the Mesoderm. |
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The infolding of the hollow sphere with specialized cells-- why did this happen?
And what skin layer(s) is this associated with? |
It starts the formation of the gut?
Associated with the Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm. |
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The hollow sphere of specialized cells has a Digestive cavity: portraying a Gastrula-like 'protoanimal'--- why?
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This is becoming more like our formation!!
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