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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Arthropoda
Impact on humans |
- Good: pollination, food
- Bad: Competitors for crops, disease transmission, bites, stings, etc |
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Arthropoda
Basic morphology |
- Metamerism (less conspicuous)
- Fused segments (Tagmata, usually 2 or 3) - Jointed lateral appendages - Thick exoskeleton - Hemocoel present |
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Arthropoda
Exoskeleton |
- Rigid plates w/ flexible areas
- Individual segment is a somites - Plates/sclerites on dorsal, ventral and lateral - Also contain; pigments, phenols and inorganic material. - Resistant and flexible - Soft when secreted, hardened by sclerotization and minerlization |
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Arthropoda
Epicuticle |
- Outter epicuticle w/ outter cement layer(protect against microbial invasion), a wax layer and an inner cuticulin layer (proteinaceous with 2 layers).
- Wax layer resist desiccation - Wax glands also secrete; wax bloom (extend from surface add color and absorp light) - No chitin in epicuticle |
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Arthropoda
Procuticle |
- Layer beneath epicuticle
- Thicker than epicuticle - composed of protein and chitin (polysaccharide, simular to cellulose) Long chains of chitin form microfibrils. |
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Arthropoda
Sclerotization |
- Major hardening of skeleton due to cross linkage between sclerotin protein molecules.
- "tanning" - Exocuticle more sclerotization than endocuticle |
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Arthropoda
Mineralization/Calcification |
- In crustaceans
- Mineral deposit - Outter portion of procuticle calcified, inner portion not. |
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Arthropoda
Appendages |
- Attached at inward projetin apodemes
- Jointed - Each segment with ventrolateral pair - Each portion of appendage is a podiet - Derived from; parapodia of polychaete or Phylum Onychophora - Either uniramous or biramous - Includes mouthparts and locomotory. - Serial homology. |
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Arthropoda
Musculature |
- Striated muscle(rapid contraction and relaxation)short bands from one segment to the next.
- Extrinsic limb (inside body to inside appendage) and Intrinsic (one limb podite to another) - Antagonistic pairs (flexor and extensor) - Fulcrum point condyle (ball and socket) |
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Arthropoda
Nervous system |
- Brain in 2 or 3 regions (seperate ganglion); Protocerebrum (anterior w/ optic), Deutocerebrum (antennal nerves), tritocerebrum (labium)
- supraoesophageal ganglion (above digestive tract) and suboesophageal ganglion (below digestive tract) - Ventral nerve cord with segmental ganglia. - Condensation : fusion of segmental ganglia. - Graded response (not all or nothing) |
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Arthropoda
Digestive System |
- "outside" the animal
- Specialization of regions; Foregut: lined with cuticle, simular to crop, ingestion, transport, storage Midgut - not line, absorption, enzyme production Hindgut - lined, water absorption, fecal production |
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Arthropoda
Circulatory system |
- Open system
- Tissue in hemolymph (intestinal fluid) with haemocyanin, haemoglobin, to transport nutrients, wastes, gases, and immune responses. - heart - Hemolymph enters heart through Ostia. |
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Arthropoda
Gas exchange |
- Aquatic: large SA/V ratio, diffusion across body or gills present
- Terrestrial: internal gills (Book lungs), and tracheae. |
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Arthropoda
Excretion and Osmoregulation |
- Tubular structures
- Closed on inside - Glandular excretory structures (maxillary or antennal gland in crustaceans and coxal gland in arachnids) - Malpighian tubules. - Nitrogen wates as ammonia (aquatic species) and uric acid (terrestrial species) |
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Arthropoda
Visual System |
- Ocelli (simple eyes) non image forming, detect light changes
- Compound eyes, image forming, composed of facetes and ommatidia (300 - 25,000per eye) --> Fixed focus lense (cornea), crystalline cone, retinular cells (up to 8) and cylindrical cells (collars) --> Pigments in Rhadomeres, with composite unit as rhabdom. - Resolving power determined by; angle, blending of light, angle of adjacent ommatidia, no of ommatidia. |
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Arthropoda
Reproduction |
- Dioceious, some sequential hermaphrodites, some parthenogenetic (unfertilized = male)
- Internal fertilization - Determinate growth |
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Arthropoda
Ecdysis |
- Periodic moulting of exoskeleton
- Instars: intermoult stages - Under neural and hormonal control. Insects hormone is stimulated from brain, Crustaceans; hormone is inhibited by neurosecretory complex. - Exuviae: shed skin - Fixed number of moults in insects and unlimited in crustaceans. |
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Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Apomorphy |
- Body divided into three regions by two anterior-posterior furrows
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Class Trilobita
Characteristics |
- Dorsoventrally flattened
- 4,000 - 15000 spp. Benthic or pelagic, - 3 Tagmata; cehalon, thorax and pygidium - Compound eyes - Biramous limb - 1 Pair antennae |
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Subphylum Chelicerata
Apomorphy |
- No antennae
- Chelicerae (first two appendages modified for feeding) - Two tagmata (prosoma and opisthosoma) |
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Chelicerata
Appendages |
- Pedipalps: 2nd pair, sensory preception, catching prey, conveying sperm.
- 4 pair walking legs - Each have gnathobases (toothed edges of appendage) |
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Chelicerata
Classification Spp # |
3 classes
- Merostomata - Pycnogonida - Arachnida --> 75,000 ssp. |
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Merostomata
Apomorphy |
- Class w/in Chelicerata
- Book gills - Telson (tail spike) |
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Merostomata
Classification |
- Order Eurypterida: sea scorpion (extinct)largest body.
- Xiphasura : horseshoe crabs, 4ssp left, all marine, chelicerates w/ compound eyes |
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Class Pycnogonida
Characteristics |
-Within subphylum Chelicerata
- Sea spiders - 1,000 ssp. - Marien, no tagmata - Proboscis (suck fluid) - Predators and parasites - 4 -6 pairs walking legs, long. - Males w/ ovigers to brood eggs |
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Class Arachnida
Characteristics |
- W/in Subphylum chelicerata
- Spiders and mites - Terrestrial - 74,000 ssp. - Prosoma w/ shield carapace, opisthosoma w/o appendages. - Simple eyes (0-4) - Book lungs and/or tracheae. - Excretion via coxal glands/malpighian tubules |
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Class Arachnida
Apomorphy |
- Single median genital opening.
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Oder Araneae
Characteristics |
- Spiders
- Spinnerets, silk glands - Chelicerae modified into fangs - all are predators |
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Order Acari
Characteristics |
- Mites and ticks
- 1 million undescribed ssp. - Many parasites - Prosoma and opisthosoma fused |
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Arachnida
Other classes... |
Order Solifugae : wind scorpions
Oder Uropygi: whip scorpions Order Amblypygi: tailess whip scorpions Opiliones: daddy long legs Order Scorpiones: Scorpions |
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Subphylum Mandibulata
Classification |
- Class Crustacea
--> Subclass Malacostraca - Class myriapoda - Class Inseta |
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Mandibulata
Apomorphy |
- Mandibles (biting jaws)
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Class Crustacea
Apomorphy |
- pairs of antennae
- Nauplius larva (3 pr. appendages and single eye) |
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Subclass Malacostraca
Characteristics |
- W/in crustacea
- 75% of crustaceans - 1-3 thoracic limbs (Maxillipeds) - Pereopods: thoracic limbs - Pleopods: abdominal limbs (swimming) - Uropods :final segment (paddle) |
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Order decapoda
Characteristics/Appendages |
- Lobser, crayfish, shrimp, crab
- Pigment cells (Chromatophores) -5 pair pereopods |
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Order Isopod
Characteristics |
- 10,000 ssp
- Marine, FW and terrestrial - Dorsoventrally flattened - Uniramous limbs |
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Amphipods
Characteristic |
- W/in crustacea, malaostraca
- 6000 ssp, flattened laterally - Marine, FW, semi terrestrial |
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Myriapoda
Characteristics |
- Centipedes and Millipedes
- Two tagmata Head + Trunk - no compound eyes - 1 pair antennae - Simular segments - Uniramous limbs - Tracheae - Malphighian tubules |
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Order Chilopoda
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- 3000 Ssp
- Terrestiral - Unwaxed cuticle and unclosable spiracles - moist habitats/nocturnal - Predators (poision fangs), mandible, 2 pr. maxillae -1 pair legs per body segment - Can be long leg (fast) or short leg (slow) |
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Order Diplopoda
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- 10,000 ssp
- Terrestrial, detritivores, herbivores - Diplosegments, 2 pr legs per segment -- Mandible, 1 pr. maxillae, gnathochilarium - Calcium hardened cuticle - Defense secretions |
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Class Insecta
Characteristics |
- 1 million ssp.
- 3 tagmata - 3 pairs of legs - 2 pr. wings - 1 pr. antennae - Compound eyes - Mandibles, maxillae and labium |
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Insecta
Apomorphy |
- Fusion of 2nd maxillae to form labium
- Loss of all abdominal appendages |
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Insecta
Pre-requisites for wings |
1. Striated muscle (more responsive than smooth)
2. Hard skeleton (leverage) 3. Sclerotin (light-weight strong and flexible) |
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Two groups of Pterygota
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- Major evolution in flight
--> Paleoptera: 8000 ssp. wings can NOT be folded flat onto back --> Neoptera: 1 million ssp. Wings CAN be folded flat onto back. |
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Insecta
Wings |
- Key innovation
- Thin outfoldings of body wall - network of tracheae and blood vessels |
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Two theories of
origin of wings... |
- Paranotal theory: dorsla plate projections (not from pre existing limb structures) For thermoregulation, gliding.
- Exite theory: articulated gill plates. for respiration and thermoregulation. Skimming, flapping. *** Has the most support. |
