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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Uropygial gland
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preen gland that is bilobed holocrine gland near base of tail
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Pterylae
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Feathered tracts
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Apteria
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Feathered areas btw tracts
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Roles of feathers (5)
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1. Insulation
2. Waterproofing 3. Flight 4. Courtship displays, fighting, defense 5. specialized feathers w sensory functions |
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Quill/Calamus
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Hollow short tube embedding in the follicle
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Rachis
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Main shaft of the feather
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Barbs
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slender still filaments off the rachis
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Barbules
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Finer filaments w hooks that come off of barbs at 45 degrees, cross ther barbules at 90 degrees
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Pulp
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loose reticulum of mesoderm present in growing feathers, includes an axial artery & vein (BLOOD FEATHER)
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Contour feathers
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cover body
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Primaries
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arise from carpus & metacarpus
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secondaries
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arise fm ulna
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retrices
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tail feathers
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Pin feathers
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still w/i feather sheath
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powder fm feathers
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shed a keratin powder
African grey, cockatoos, cockatiels |
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Pododermatitis
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bumblefoot
S. aureus & E. coli |
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what supplementation for bumblefoot management
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Vit A
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Knemidokoptic mange
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K. pilae, K mutans
burrows into epidermis creating a crusty, honeycomb |
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Stress bars
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(segmental dysplasia)
Clear line across the vane of feathers, Caused by a spike in endogenous/ exogenous steroids (restraint, illness, climate extremes) |
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Xanthomatosis
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yellow to orarange nodules or plaques: collection of lipid or cholesterol w/i the cytoplasm of affected cells
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Ferrets order & family
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Order Carnivora
family Mustelidae |
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Signs of nausea in ferret
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copious drooling & pawing at mouth
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Signs of abdominal pain in ferret
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teeth grinding/bruxism
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tattoo signifies what in ferrets
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descented & neutered
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Signs of generalizd wkness in ferrets
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1. Loss of the normal hump in the back while moving
2. Rear limb wkness or ataxia |
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is postop pancreatitis common or uncommon in ferret
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Extremely uncommon
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What age & where are most ferrets spayed/neutered?
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Production farms at 5-6 wks; usually techs not vets
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Pecten
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covers optic nerve head
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Avian eyelids
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dorsal more mobile than ventral
3rd eyelid most active |
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What kind of retina do birds have?
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anangiotic retina
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Vision testing in birds?
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Menance reflex is not reliable; dazzle reflex is
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PLR in birds?
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PLR is brisk; NO indirect PLR; 100% fiber decussation at optic chiasm
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Causes of blepharitis in birds?
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Avian Pox Virus,
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Cause of Avian chlamydiosis
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Chlamydophila psittaci; shed in feces and nasal secretions. ZOONOTIC DZ!!
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Chioretinitis
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sys. infectious dz, West Nile Virus, fundus abnormalities common: exudative chorioretinal lesions n chioretinal scarring in geographic or linear pattern
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Which reptiles have lacrimal glands?
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All BUT snakes
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Which animals have harderian glands?
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All reptiles
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nasolacrimal duct is absent in which reptiles
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Turtles/ tortoises
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Which reptiles has a tapedum?
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Crocodilians
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What is a spectacle?
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Present in snakes, ablepharine geckos, & skinks; superficial keratin layer shed w ecdysis
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Causes of conjunctivitis in ferrets
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1. Canine distemper virus
2. Mycobacteriosis 3. Salmonellosis 4. Human influenza virus |
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Predisposing factors for ulcerative stomatitis in reptiles ("mouth rot")
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1. mouth injury
2. wire screen 3. striking glass 4. suboptimal temp 5. Stress |
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What rad settings do you want in reptiles?
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High mA, Low kVp
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Why do you want a low kVp setting in reptiles?
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Bc their bones are less radioopaque than in mammals
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Film and screen settings for reptiles?
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High detail, medium to slow speed. High resolution, slow speed film
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How many lungs do boids have?
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2; left lung rudimentary in most others
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If perforation is suspected in snake what contrast would be best?
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iohexol; faster transit time; good alternative to barium
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How can you calm an iguana down for rads?
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vago-vagal response: put pressure on eyes
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heart position btw iguana lizards and monitors?
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iguana Lizards: cranial thorax at thoracic inlet
Monitor: caudal in thorax |
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How many rad views do you need for chelonians?
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Three!
1. DV 2. Craniocaudal 3. Lateral |
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Chelonian lungs?
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attached to carapace-No pleural space
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How many heart chambers do the crocodilians have?
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4
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How many heart chambers do reptiles have except crocodilians?
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3
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Do snakes have a urinary bladder?
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NO!
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What % humidity is satisfactory for most spp?
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50-60%
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Stagment water is a breeding ground for what?
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Aeromonas
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Amoeba infectious stage?
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Cyst;
Trophozoites in GI tract Cysts persists in soil |
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Ophionyssus
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"Snake mite"
Grey dots under chin |
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Osteomyelosclerosis occurs secondary to what in birds?
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Rising estrogen levels.
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What is the one unpaired airsac?
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Clavicular
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Cuticle/koilin layer in ventriculus?
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Hardened glycoprotein membrane on top of epithelium, constantly worn away by grinding, usually brown, green or yellow secondary to bile reflux
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What is the Biliverdin?
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major bile pigment of birds
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Thymus
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source of T-lymphocytes
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Bursa of Fabricius
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Source of B-lymphocytes; involutes in juvenile birdes
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Do birds have lymph nodes?
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NO!
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Where are kidneys located in bird?
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Dorsally in depression of synsacrum; 3 lobes
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Cortical layer of kidney produces what in birds?
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uric acid
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Medullary layer of kidney produces what in birds?
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urine
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3 areas of Cloaca
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1. coprodeum
2. urodeum a. ureters b. genital ducts 3. proctodeum a. phallus |
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Testes in birds?
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Normal seasonal variation in size.
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What ovary is present in most avian species?
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LEFT
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What produces the inner and outter shell membranes?
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Isthmus
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Where is pigment added to the eggshell?
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uterus
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Where does eggshell formation take place?
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Uterus
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Where does plumping take place in bird?
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Uterus
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ARe most avian species determinate or indeterminate layers?
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indeterminate layers
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Etiology agent of PBFD?
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Circovirus
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Signalment of PBFD?
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Old world species
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Feather dystrophy or dysplasia?
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psittacine Beak & Feather Dz (PBFD) or Avian Polyomavirus (APV)
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House large and small parrots separately?
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PBFD & APV
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Old world species?
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PBFD
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Peracute Death?
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Avian Polyomavirus (APV) (non-budgies nestlings) & Pacheco's Dz Virus (PDV) adults
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Screen single pet bird for what dzs?
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PBFD & APV
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Screen the multiple bird collection for what dzs?
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PBFD & APV? & ABV?
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Screen the breeder bird for what dzs?
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PBFD & APV & ABV?
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Cutaneous+Wet+Systemic are categories of what dz?
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Pox
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dermanyssus
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red mite of birds; norcturnal feeder
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ornithonyssus
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northern fowl mite; spends most of life on host
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DDX for delayed molt in birds?
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1. hypothyroidism
2. Malnutrition |
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DDX for feather dystrophy?
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1. PBFD
2. APV |
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Patagium?
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sugar gliders have that flap so they can glide
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Metabolic rate of marsupials compared to placental mammals?
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2/3rd of placental mammals; core body temp is 96.5-97.9
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Which animal has a Pre-prenile scrotum & bifurcated penis?
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sugar glider
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sexual maturity of sugar gliders?
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8-15 months; seasonal polyestrus
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Gestation of sugar gliders?
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15-17 days
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What do Gliders eat in wild?
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Gum, sap, insects, fruit
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Fluid therapy in sugargliders?
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SC fluids may be poorly absorbed
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Nutritional osteodystrophy in sugar gliders
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Decrease Calcium, Decrease D3 and INCREASE Phosphorus
C/S: acute onset of hindlimb paresis or paralysis |
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Do you need to fast ferrets with insulinoma before sx?
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No; fast normal ferrets no >2-3 hrs
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Where do you do a bone aspiration in a ferret?
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proximal femur
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Where is best place for IV catheterization in ferret?
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Cephalic vein
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Fluid maintance for ferrets?
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75-100ml/kg/day
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T or F urinary catheterization in male ferrets is difficult?
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TRUE!
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do reptiles have vascular retinas or avascular?
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Avascular
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Nasolacrimal duct production leads to what in reptiles?
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subspectacular fluid accumulation
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chromodacryorrhea
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red tears in rats; secreted by harderians glands
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preferred venipuncture sight in chelonians?
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Right jugler
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